Press translations [Japan]. Economic Series 0049, 1945-12-05.
Date5 December, 1945
RepositoryRauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College.
Call Numbereconomic-0240
Call NumberDS801 .S81
Persistent Identifier
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ECONOMIC SERIES: 49
ITEM 1 Shortage of Labor Despite Surplus of Unemployed. Article explaining reasons
by KITAOKA, former
professor of TOKYO Imperial University - Nippon Sangyo Keizai - 3 December 1945. Translator:
K. Shuji.
Summary:
As had been predicted by many observers, there are in JAPAN today more than six million
unemployed, including those discharged
from munition factories, demobilized soldiers and repatriates from abroad. In spite
of this large number of unemployed, there
are complaints of labor shortages in many industries, What is the reason for this
apparently contradictory phenomenon? Many
have tried to answer this question but so far no satisfactory conclusion has been
reached.
From my point of view, the majority of today's unemployed are not willing to resume
working. Their unwillingness to work
accounts for labor shortages in areas where there are many unemployed.
There are, of course, many reasons which make workers unwilling to work. But, the
most fundamental one is the existing food
rationing system based on the principle of equal distribution. Equal distribution
of rationed food provides workers with
enough strength to subsist but not with enough to work. No one can deny the fact that
laborers are unable to work on a diet of
rationed foods alone.
An additional ration is given to those who do heavy work, such as mining. However,
as the increased ration is very limited,
and actual distribution is very slow, no beneficial results have been accomplished.
For example, not all building workers now
engaged in the reconstruction of TOKYO are given additional food rations. There is
no doubt however, that few, if any, are
living on rationed foods alone. It is said that the most important task of foremen
nowadays is to get food for their men by
any means possible. Failure to accomplish this usually means the loss of their jobs.
It is ironic that the city can never be
rebuilt unless the Government's control of its rebuilding is broken.
A second reason for unemployment is that equal distribution of food at official prices
encourages idleness. The official price
of rice is as nothing compared with the current black market price. Workers will be
able to live for several years on the
retirement allowance which they receive when discharged from the factories. On the
other hand, however diligently a laborer
works, he is not permitted to take more food than the rationed amount. This circumstance
deprives working people of their will
to work.
ECONOMIC SERIES: 49
ITEM 1 (Continued)
Third, the food ration system has paralyzed the function of currency and has turned
the efficient, modern, industrial,
economic system to one of waste and inefficiency. As a matter of fact, the jobless
people of today are not living in idleness.
They are working day and night in order to get food which is not obtainable by means
of money alone. Why don't they seek jobs
in factories or mines? The answer is very simple. They cannot obtain ample feed if
tied down to a regular job, because then
there would be no time to go out in the country to buy food. Moreover, these jobless
people are likely to be attracted by the
enticing game of black marketing. Under these circumstances, much time end labor are
wasted. A fourth reason is that the
number of laborers from rural communities has become very small due to the fact that
it is now more profitable for them to
remain at home.
I don't think that it would be politically and economically sound to stop immediately
the existing food rationing system,
However, in consideration of the fact that the retarding industry, shortage of labor,
and many other obstacle to rebuilding
JAPAN are mainly due to this system. I firmly believe that it should be abolished
as soon as possible. For the present, I
think it most advisable decrease the amount of foods distributed, and to increase
the volume of free marketing to the largest
possible extent. Staple food rations should be diminished to the quantity absolutely
necessary for bare existence (daily 1.1
go per person). This allotment should be enforced and surplus quantities sold in the
free market. Thus, there would be two
staple food classifications: foods distributed by the Government, and foods sold on
the free market. As a result, the price of
rice would be settled at a point between the present official price and the blackmarket
price. Wages would be increased to
enable wage earners to buy their own food and daily necessities and even save a little.
These who lack the will or ability to
work could maintain a bare existence on rationed foods. On the other hand, the workers
who are necessary in the city would not
have to make trips to the country in order to get food. In this way, all labor would
be utilized in productive industries.
Farming people would sell as much of their produce as possible and so much more food
would appear in the markets. Finally, the
ration system will completely disappear when importations of food make this possible.
Some people require a daily food ration of three go. This might provide temporary
relief but later would intensify the
shortage of labor. I was to warn the Government not to coddle the people with a policy
which may destroy industry. I sincerely
hope that the Government will make headway in establishing a free economic system
as promptly as possible by overcoming
temporary opposition and difficulties.
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