Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic Region

Unpaginated      |      Vol_VI-0327                                                                                                                  
EA-Plant Sciences

(Eric Hult e é n)

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION OF THE SOVIET ARCTIC REGION

       

CONTENTS

	Page
Limitation of the Arctic Zone	1
Historical	5
Geology and Soil	6
Climate	8
The Flora	10
Number of Species	10
Distribution of Species	12
I. Plants occurring throughout the Soviet Arctic or at both the eastern and western ends	12
A. Circumpolar Plants	12
B. Eurasiatic Plants	18
II. Plants occurring in middle part of the Soviet Arctic but not at both ends	19
A. Species not apparently washed down by the rivers	19
B. Species apparently washed down by the rivers	20
III. Plants occurring either in western or eastern part of Soviet Arctic	21
A. Plants reaching the western but not the eastern end of the Eurasiatic Arctic	22
B. Plants reaching the eastern but not the western end of the Eurasiatic Arctic	28
IV. Endemic Plants	36
V. Singular Species	39

Unpaginated      |      Vol_VI-0328                                                                                                                  
EA-PS.

(Eric Hult e é n)

       

CONTENTS-continued

	Page
Origin and Composition of Arctic Flora	40
The Vegetation	42
Zones of Vegetation	43
Snow zone	43
High-Arctic Tundra	44
Lichen-Moss Tundra	48
Shrub Tundra	54
Forest Tundra	56
Vegetation of Different Geographical Provinces	58
Kola Peninsula	58
Kanin Peninsula	60
Molozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya Tundras	61
Kolguev Island	62
Polar Urals	63
Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach	64
Franz Josef Land	67
Yalmal and West Siberian Lowland	67
Gydan Tundra and Mouth of the Yenisei	68
Taimyr Peninsula	70
Anabar Tundra	71
Mouths of Olenek and Lena Rivers	73
Lena to Kolyma and Chaunskaia Bay	74
New Siberian Islands	75
Chukotsk Peninsula	75
Wrangel Island	78
Bibliography	79

Unpaginated      |      Vol_VI-0329                                                                                                                  
EA-Plant Sciences

(Eric Hulten)

       

MAPS

        With the manuscript of this article, the author submitted 4 map

sketches. These are being held at The Stefansson Library.

001      |      Vol_VI-0330                                                                                                                  
EA-Plant Sciences

(Eric Hult e é n)

       

PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION OF THE SOVIET ARCTIC REGION

       

LIMITATION OF THE ARCTIC ZONE

        The limitation of the arctic zone to the south is variously determined

by different authors. This is especially the case where mountains enter

into the arctic tundra zone, as in Scandinavia, in the northern Urals, and

in easternmost Asia. In the lowlands either the northern limit of single

trees or the limit of real forest can be taken as the southern boundary line.

In this article the tundras with scattered trees or very open forests are

included in the forest zone as this seems to be most natural, and the southern

boundary line of the Arctic is thus taken to be the polar tree line.

        From Kanin to Kolyma the timber line consists of conifers and is fairly

well defined, but on Kola Peninsula a belt of more or less shrubby or stunted

birches is inserted between the coniferous forest and the open tundra. This

birch belt is a continuation eastward to the subalpine ( Betula tortuosa ) belt

of the Scandinavian mountains. In the river valleys this birch belt reaches

or nearly reaches the northern coast, while the headlands between the rivers

lack this shrub vegetation. Polunin does not refer the northern coast of

Kola Peninsula as belonging to the Arctic, probably on account of this birch

belt or possibly because permanently frozen ground has small extension there.

002      |      Vol_VI-0331                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

As, however, the floristic composition as well as the vegetation and the soil

of the treeless parts of the north coast of Kola Peninsula agree almost

exactly with the corresponding features in arctic Siberia, I must include

them in the real Arctic. The most arctic part is the middle coastal part

of the peninsula, where solifluction is common. Eastward as well as westward

many more southern components alien to the real arctic tundras appear step

by step, eastward on account of the southeastern direction of the coast line,

westward on account of the strong Atlantic influence of the Gulf Stream.

        East of Kolyma conditions change very rapidly. The last trees are not

conifers but willows and birches forming fringing forests chiefly in the river

valleys. The chukotsk Peninsula, the Anadyr and Penzhina basins form a large

treeless area with larch forests only in the central western part of Anadyr

and alluvial Salix-Betula forests in the large river valleys. This treeless

area also continues southward along the western coast of Kamchatka to the

southern point of that peninsula and along the Kurils to Uruppu Island on one

hand, and on the western side of the Okhotsk Sea to about 61° N. latitude on

the other. As on Kola Peninsula, a subalpine belt is inserted between the open

tundras and coniferous forests in the Far East. This belt consists of shrubby

Alnus and Pinus pumila thickets.

        The question is whether this vast area should be regarded as belonging to

the Arctic or not. Polunin refers only the arctic drainage to the Arctic, ex–

cluding the Anadyr Valley and everything to the south of it. It is hard to

find a reason for this. The floristic composition in the Far East is somewhat

different from that of other parts of the Arctic, but this holds true also

concerning the arctic drainage of Chukotsk Peninsula. The vegetation east of

003      |      Vol_VI-0332                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

the Kolyma likewise differs somewhat from that of other parts of the Arctic,

but there is not much difference between the vegetation on northern Chukotsk

Peninsula and that of the more southerly treeless areas. It is therefore

not easy to find a line of demarcation for the Arctic to the south based on

tenable grounds.

        It has been argued that the treeless areas in the Far East are merely

an alpine zone lowered down to sea level. Floristically this is true, as

very many eastern Asiatic mountains species protrude much farther northward

and eastward here than in any other place, but the same holds good of the

flat, treeless areas of the northern Kola Peninsula. There are, however,

several characteristics in which the treeless zone of the mountains differs

from the tundra zone of the lowlands.

        The tundra zone is characterized by strong permanent summer light, low

precipitation and, thus, shallow snow cover, permanently frozen soil and

consequently bad drainage, with frequent shallow pools at melting time and

a poor humus layer or none at all. In the southern mountains the light is

very variable on account of the day-night variation and the direction of

the slopes; the temperature varies a great deal likewise on account of the

direction of the slopes; the precipitation is much hii higher and the snow

cover is deep in places; the soil is not frozen, as the first snow falls

early in the autumn and shelters the soil from frost. Melting starts early

in the spring, giving a longer period of vegetation; the humus layer is

rich, and a layer of humus and roots is formed where even geophytes can

thrive. In the northern mountains the conditions approach those of the

tundra. The sunlight is continuous as on the tundra; on the other hand,

004      |      Vol_VI-0333                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

the temperatures are higher, the precipitation is higher but the draiage is

better and the earth drier and warmer; the snow cover is in places deeper

and the snow falls earlier; the period of vegetation is longer as the melt–

ing of the snow starts earlier. The reason for the treelessness of the

mountains, judging from the zone of stunted trees occurring at the timber

line, is the strong winds, especially during the winter; while on the flat

tundra, where the last trees are usually not stunted, but nearly branchless

poles, the reason for the treelessness is that it is difficult for trees to

take up enough water from the frozen soil there during the summer, when the

evaporation is strong.

        Because of the above ecological advantages, the forests oftenetend farther

northward in the mountains in the Urals and in Anadyr, for instance, than in

the adjacent flat tundra.

        The questions is: Can these different ecological conditions help us to

understand the nature of the large treeless areas of the Far East? In most

coastal parts, at any rate, a higher soil temperature and deeper and earlier

snow cover due to the interrupted distribution of the permafrost make the

conditions correspond to mountain conditions, but they are hardly s sufficient

to explain the differences, which doubtless have deep historical reasons.

        Although it is thus very difficult to find a reasonable argument for ex–

cluding the treeless areas down to northern Kamchatka (where the permanently

frozen ground ceases) in the Arctic, it is here taken to include the Chukotsk

Peninsula only, that is, southward to the northern slopes of the Anadyr Val–

ley.

005      |      Vol_VI-0334                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

       

HISTORICAL

        The arctic tundra zone as defined above is a series of undulating

plains. Mountains enter into this zone in the Urals, at Novaya Zemlya,

in Taimyr Peninsula, and in the Far East. The tundra zone is not very

well investigated botanically but, as large areas of it are fairly monoto–

nous, it is possible to get a fairly accurate view of their phytogeograph–

ical conditions.

        During the Tertiary the northern part of Eurasia was covered with a

subtropical vegetation which, when the deterioration of the climate took

place in the Quaternary period, was gradually replaced by a more arctic

vegetation. The history of the tundra zone as a treeless area is thus

not a very long one — doubtless considerably shorter than a million years.

During the different glacial and interglacial periods great changes took

place in the zone, changes of which we know very little at present.

        The first scientific reports on the arctic tundras were brought back

by the Great Northern Expedition, which had worked its way along the shores

of the Arctic Sea in central and eastern Siberia in 1734-1742. The tundras

of arctic European Russia and western Siberia were first visited by an ex–

pedition sponsored by the Russian Academy in 1771-1772, and of which Ozeret–

skovski and Zuev were members. When Cook navigated Bering Strait in 1778,

the easternmost Eurasiatic Arctic was opened up for scientific investigation.

        In 1787-1791, Billings surveyed the coast between the Kolyma and the

Chukotsk Peninsula; in 1806, Adams investigated the mouth of the Lena River;

in 1837, Baer visited Novaya Zemlya, and Schrenk the Bolshezemelskaya tundra;

006      |      Vol_VI-0335                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

in 1843, Middendorff made his important journey to Taimyr; in 1850, Hoffman

investigated the northern Urals and the Pai-khoy Range; in 1866-1880, Schmidt

visited the Gydan tundra and lower Ob River.

        In 1878-80, Nordenskiőld and Palander made the first circumnavigation

of Eurasia and thus sailed for the first time along the arctic coast from

Europe to the Chukotsk Peninsula on board the Vega . The botanists on this

famous expedition were Kjellman and Almquist. Kjellman’s reports, published

in the Scientific Results of the Vega expedition, have up to recent times

been the most widely quoted source of botanical information on the arctic

tundras.

        In 1887, Kihlman thoroughly investigated Kola Peninsula, and, in

1900-1902, Toll visited Taimyr and the New Siberian Islands.

        In the twentieth century, numerous botanical investigations were under–

taken on the Russian tundras mainly by Russian botanists, among whom may be

mentioned Tolmachev, Zhitkov, Kuznetzov, Grigoriev, Pohle, Regel, Andreev,

Sochava, Reverdatto, Gorodkov, and Sambuk.

       

GEOLOGY AND SOIL

        The first attempt to divide the Soviet Arctic into Phytogeographic units

was made by Trautvetter. In recent times Andreev, Gorodkov, Rikli, Sambuk,

Sochava, and others have dealt with the zonation of this region, each one in

a way differing somewhat from the others, so that any generally recognized

results in regard to the zonation can hardly be said to have been achieved.

        The geological conditions in the arctic tundras are little known as yet.

The bedrock is rarely visible, the surface being covered with gravel, sand,

or muck. The possibility of the occurrence of calciferous rocks, which might

007      |      Vol_VI-0336                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

be expected to exert some influence on the flora and vegetation, cannot there–

fore be discussed here. Gorodkov has noted that on the tundras of central

Siberia, and also on the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, crusts of lime can be

found on the surface of the tundra polygons. They are formed by calciferous

salts ascending with the water from the soil in the crevices of the polygons

and drying on their surface.

        The most important ecological feature characterizing the tundras is

doubtless the permanently frozen soil (only to a small extent occurring in

Kola Peninsula).

        In summer the ice melts to a maximum depth of 1.5 to 2 m., usually much

less. The temperature in the surface layer of the soil can (although rarely)

reach 30°C. in summertime even at high latitudes but drops very quickly with

increasing depth. Thus, for instance, the temperature 5 cm. below the sur–

face in Franz Josef Land was 3° to 7°C.; 20 cm. below the surface in Taimyr

(76° N.) it was 0.5°C.; while in the south of Bolshezemelskaya tundra 50 cm.

below the surface, it was 5° to 10°C. In Penzhina it is 10° to 15°C. at a

depth of 10 cm. in August and never above 4° or 5°C. at a depth of 20 cm.

        The permafrost is by no means restricted to the tundra belt. Districts

with patches of frozen soil are found east of Yenisei south to about 52° N.

latitude in central and eastern Siberia, and to about 60° N. in northern

Kamchatka, especially in peaty soil. (See map.) South of the tundra zone

the ice melts to a depth great enough to allow forest growth, and the layers

of ice at considerable depths in the soil apparently have very little influ–

ence on the vegetation.

        In wintertime the tundra soil is frozen throughout, and in spring at

008      |      Vol_VI-0337                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

first only the top layer thaws, with the result that shallow pools are

formed which are doubtless partially responsible for the open vegetation

that is characteristic of the entire zone. Sometimes the tundra is covered

at melting time by water more than a meter deep. Only such plants that can

stand the constantly wet conditions are able to grow on the tundra. Which

plants grow in a given place depends to a large extent on the depth to which

the thawing proceeds in spring and early summer. Shrubs and plants with

deep roots can grow only in places where the soil thaws deeply and quickly.

Peat does not accumulate in the tundra zone except along the southern rim.

In Europe and western Siberia deep treeless peat bogs are found in the

northern parts of the forest zone, but they are lacking in the forests of

the east. Peat bogs are not formed within the area of the permafrost, where

they are replaced by boggy and shrubby tussock communities. In cal clayey

or muddy soil, polygon tundras are formed by the freezing process, but not

in sandy soil, which thaws to a greater depth than the peaty soil.

        Sochava considers that the mineralization of the plant residue does not

fully take place; muck accumulates owing to the low temperature, and this

soil formation differentiates the tundra from the bogs where peat is formed.

Gorodkov opposes this view and maintains that there is no difference in

principle between the tundra and the more southern areas in this respect.

       

CLIMATE

        A characteristic of the tundra belt is the low yearly precipitation.

Nowhere does it average more than 250 mm. except on the Kola Peninsula, where

it reaches about 400 mm. on the north coast. It is less than 150 mm. between

the Yenisei and the Kolyma.

009      |      Vol_VI-0338                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Nevertheless the degree of cloudiness is high, 70 to 75% of the days in

the year being cloudy. A Only about 10% of the precipitation falls in winter–

time. The depth of snow is accordingly small, about 20 to 30 cm. on Yalmal

and in Taimyr, 15 to 20 cm. at the mouth of the Lena River, but much deeper

on the forest tundra, for instance, 45 to 60 cm. on Kola Peninsula. During

the winter the weather is of an anticyclone type, with prevailing southern

winds in the tundra zone. In summertime the prevailing winds are northerly

and fairly strong, for instance, at the lower Yenisei and Ob rivers, averag–

ing 6 to 7 meters per second.

        The winter temperatures are low, though this is of little consequence

to the plant life. Average temperatures for January are: in Kolguev, 13°C.;

at Novaya Zemlya (Karmakuly), −16.5°; at the mouth of the Ob (Obdorsk), −25.6°;

at the mouth of the Yenisei (Dudinka), −23.9°; at the mouth of the Lena (Bulun),

−40°; and at the mouth of the Anadyr, −23°.

        The period of vegetation varies a good deal. In the most arctic parts it

lasts only about 2 months, with an average temperature of 4°C., while in the

middle tundra zone it is about 3 months with an average temperature of about

6°, and, lastly, in the forest tundra about 4 months with 9.4° average tem–

perature. At the mouth of the Yenisei it extends over 4 months and the average

temperature is 8.6°; at the mouth of the Anadyr the average for July is 11°,

and at Markova, at the eastern limit of the forest, it is 14.5°C. Many

flowers of the Far North can apparently stand very low temperatures. For

instance, Kihlman states that Cochlearia can freeze solid while in flower

and continue to grow after thawing.

        The tundra zone is not — as some have called it — an arctic steppe

010      |      Vol_VI-0339                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

nor should the snow fields be called arctic deserts. The reason for the

treelessness is quite different from that in the steppes or deserts. The

steppes have never during their historical development had any connection

with the tundra zone. A few steppe plants have been washed down by the

great rivers and found themselves at home in the tundra zone, but this does

not entitle us to regard the tundras as steppes.

       

THE FLORA

       

Number of Species

        In the following discussion of the flora only the vascular plants are

taken into consideration, as the distribution of cryptogams is mostly too

little known to allow of an analysis. However, in the part dealing with the

vegetation, mosses and lichens characteristic of the different vegetative

units are enumerated. It should only be mentioned that the sea algae, which

were fairly well studied by Kjellman, are few in number, in his view owing

to the brackishness of the water along the coast, caused by the great volume

of fresh water emptied into the Arctic Sea by the large-rivers. The sea

algae amount to about 35 species, of which the most important are: Polysiphonia

arctica , Phyllophora interrupta , Rhodomela tenuissima , and laminarias.

        The tundra zone forms a bow starting in the west on the Kola Peninsula

at approximately 69° N. latitude, extending to about 77° N. over the Taimyr

Peninsula, and thence to the Ch7kotsk Peninsula at about 67° N. To this must

be added the Franz Josef Archipelago and Severnaya Zemlya, from which no

botanical reports are known to the author; also the New Siberian Islands and

Wrangel and Herald Islands.

011      |      Vol_VI-0340                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        It is but natural that a wide botanical variation should be noticeable

in a belt about 4,000 miles long and with a range in latitude of more

than 15°.

        The exact limitation of the zone southward has much influence on its

species content, as many species characteristic of the boreal woods accom–

pany these woods to their northernmost boundary line. Many of these

species protrude somewhat farther northward, thus entering into the Arctic.

Thus along the southern rim of the tundra belt there suddenly occurs a

great variety of forest species which are rather alien to the Arctic. It

is hardly possible, therefore, to give a list of all species belonging to

the arctic zone, but in the following enumeration those occurring north of

the forest tundra are listed and classified as far as they are known to

the author.

        The number of species occurring within a given space is somewhat

variable. Thus, 36 species are known to occur in the Franz Josef Archi–

pelage, 180 in Kolguev, 190 in Novaya Zemlya, 105 at Dickson Island (a

small island near the mouth of the Yenisei), about 200 in the Taimyr Penin–

sula, 63 in the relatively small Preobrazhenie Island, and 150 at Wrangel

Island. The Chukotsk Peninsula is still not very well known botanically

but it possesses more than 450 species — probably about 500.

012      |      Vol_VI-0341                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

       

Distribution of Species

       

I. PLANTS OCCURRING THROUGHOUT THE SOVIET ARCTIC OR AT BOTH THE EASTERN

AND WESTERN ENDS

        A. CIRCUMPOLAR PLANTS

        Most of the species which form the basic vegetation in the Arctic are

circumpolar species. Other components of the flora play only a very minor

part in the vegetation, except possibly in the Far East where plant communi–

ties alien to other parts of the Arctic are found.

        The circumpolar plants may be divided into three groups, viz., arctic

plants occurring around the Arctic Sea and not reaching far to the south of

the tundra zone; arctic-montane plants occurring also in the mountains far

south of the arctic zone; and boreal plants occurring, like the arctic ones,

around the Arctic Sea but reaching far down into the boreal forests. These

are natural groups, each having its special early history. Most of the

arctic and arctic-montane species have a continuous distribution from the

western end of the zone to the eastern, but several arctic or arctic-montane

species are lacking in the most arctic part.

        1. With No Gap in their Eurasiatic Area

        a. Circumpolar Arctic Plants

       

Seashore Plants

Puccinellia phryganodes sens. lat.	Stellaria humifusa
Carex incurve (with several races)	Cochlearia officinalis arctica
Carex subspathacea	Matricaria ambigua

       

Inland Plants

Calamagrostis neglecta borealis	Minuartia rubella

013      |      Vol_VI-0342                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

Deschampsia alpine (?)	Sagina intermedia
Deschampsia caespitosa borealis	Ranunculus nivalis
Poa abbreviata (high-arctic)	Papaver radicatum sens. lat.
Poa alpigena	Draba cinerea
Poa glauca	Draba lacteal
Colpodium fulum	Braya purpurascens (continuous ?)
Eriophorum angustifolium triste	Chrysosplenium tetrandum
Carex aquatilis stans	Potentilla hyparctica (= emarginata )
Carex bigelowii	Epilobium arcticum (little known)
Carex lapponica (distribution little known)	Pyrola grandiflora
Carex rariflora	Vaccinium vitis-idaea minus
Carex ursina (distribution little known)	Ameria maritima labradorica
Luzula arctica	Polemonium boreale
Luzula frigida	Erigeron eriocephalus
Luzula wahlenbergii	Taraxacum arcticum (little known)
Rumex arcticus	Taraxacum hyparcticum

        b. Circumpolar Arctic-Montane Plants Without Large Gaps in

Arctic Eurasiatic Branch

       

Absent in Mountains of Central Europe

Eriophorum brachyantherum	Arctagrostis latifolia
Eriophorum medium	Phippsia algida
Eriophorum russeolum	Carex glacialis
Hierochloe alpina	Carex rotundata
Poa arctica sens. lat.	Carex saxatilis

014      |      Vol_VI-0343                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Luzula arcuata	Draba hirta (= glabella )
Luzula arcuata confusa	Draba nivalis
Tofieldia pusilla	Eutrema edwardsii
Salix arctica	Cardamine bellidifolia
Koenigia islandica	Saxifraga rivularis
Melandrium apetalum	Astragalus alpinus arcticus
Ranunculus hyperboreus	Cassiope tetragona
Ranunculus sulphureus	Pedicularis lapponica
Draba alpina	Artemisia borealis

        No less than 18 of these are known from the high-arctic Wrangel Island.

        The following species have a similar distribution but are less arctic:

Luzula parviflora	Pinguicula villosa
Epilobium davuricum

       

Present in Mountains of c C entral Europe

Woodsia glabella	Salix glauca sens. lat.
Sparganium hyperboreum	Salix reticulate sens. lat.
Trisetum spicatum	Polygonum viviparum
Eriophorum scheuchzeri	Oxyria digyna
Kobresia myosuroides	Minuartia biflora
Carex bicolor	Sagina linnaei
Carex lachenalii	Thalictrum alpinum
Carex misandra (incl. fuliginosa )	Ranunculus pygmaeus
Carex rupestris	Draba fladnizensis
Juncus biglumis	Saxifraga cernua
Juncus castaneus	Saxifraga foliclosa

015      |      Vol_VI-0344                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Saxifraga groenlandica sens. lat.	Epilobium anagallidifolium
Saxifraga nivalis	Arctostaphylos alpina
Saxifraga oppositifolia	Gentiana tenella
Sedum rosea sens. lat.	Pedicularis sudetica

       

Antennaria [ ?] carpathica

        Seventeen of these are known from Wrangel Island.

        The following species have a similar distribution but are less arctic:

Carex angarae	Rumex acetosa lapponicus
Carex capitata	Minuartia stricta

       

c. Circumpolar Boreal Plants Without Large Gaps

       

Species Reaching Far to Fairly into the Arctic

Cystopteris fragilis	Betula nana sens. lat.
Lycopodium Selago	Stellaria crassifolia
Equisetum arvense	Caltha palustris sens. lat.
Equisetum scirpoides	Ranunculus lapponicus
Equisetum variegatum	Cardamine pratensis
Festuca rubra	Saxifraga hirculus
Festuca ovina sens. lat.	Rubus arcticus
Eriophorum angustifolium	Rubus chamaemorus
Carex chordorrhiza	Empetrum nigrum sens. lat.
Carex vaginata sens. lat.	Vaccinium uliginosum
Androsace septentrionalis	Senecio congestus

        Only two of these, viz., Ranunculus lapponicus and Rubus arcticus , are

lacking in central Europe.

016      |      Vol_VI-0345                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

Circumpolar Boreal Species Extending to Southern Part

of Tundra Zone Only

Equisetum fluviatile	Rosa acicularis
Equisetum pretense	Hippuris vulgaris
Equisetum silvaticum	Callitriche autumnalis
Lycopodium annotinum	Epilobium angustifolium
Carex brunnescens	Epilobium palustre
Carex capillaries	Pyrola minor
Coeloglossum viride	Andromeda polifolia
Ranunculus reptans	Menyanthes trifoliata
Parnassia palustris	Linnaea borealis
Potentilla palustris	Adoxa moschatellina
Companula rotundifolia sens. lat.

        d. Circumpolar Boreal Plants Reaching into the Arctic at Western

End (European Russia) and Eastern End (Chukotsk Peninsula) of Tundra Zone Only

but lacking in Middle Part

        Equisetum palustre (Kola, Kanin, Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Botrychium lunaria (Kola, Kanin, Kolguev, Kolyma)

        Lycopodium clavatum (Kola, Kolguev, Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Montia lamprosperma (Kola, Chukotsk Peninsula, subatlantic)

        Cornus suecica (Kola, Kanin, Kolguev, subatlantic)

        Fostera marina (Kola, Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Moneses uniflora (Kola, Kolguev, Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Galium boreale (Kola, Kanin, Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Lactuca siluiica (Kola, Kolyma, Eurasiatic)

017      |      Vol_VI-0346                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        2. With a Large Gap in their Eurasiatic Area

        These plants (possibly with the exception of Mertensia ) probably had a

continuous distribution there in a warmer period but have been exterminated

in the extreme North by the deterioration of the climate.

        a. Incompletely Circumpolar Seashore Plants

        Elymus arenarius (gap between E. arenarius s. str. And subsp. mollis,

Vaigach to Chukotsk Pennsula)

        Carex glareosa (gap Novaya Zemlya to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Carex mackenziei (gap Kolguev to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Honckenya peploides sens. lat. (gap Yenisei to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Potentilla egedii groenlandica (gap Kolguev to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Lathyrus maritimus (gap Pechora to Kolyma)

        Mertensia maritima (gap Kola to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Hippuris tetraphylla (gap Kanin to Kolyma)

        b. Incompletely Circumpolar Arctic Inland Plants

        Calamagrostis deschampsioides (gap from European Russian to Kolyma,

Chukotsk Peninsula, and Anadyr, but probably very incompletely known)

        Potentilla pulchella (gap from Novaya Zemlya to Wrangel Island)

        Chrysanthemum arcticum Polaris (gap from Yalmal to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        c. Arctic-Montane Circumpolar Plants Incomplete in Arctic

Eurasiatic Branch

        Lycopodium alpinum (gap Yenisei to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Agrostis borealis (gap the Urals to Lena River)

        Poa alpina (gap Yenisei to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Carex atrofusca (gap Kola to Chukotsk Peninsula and Anadyr, but

incompletely known)

018      |      Vol_VI-0347                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Carex nardina (gap Franz Josef Land to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Luzula spicata (gap the Urals to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Silene acaulis (gap the Urals to Novaya Zemlya to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Sibbaldia procumbens (gap Yenisei to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Rhododendron lapponicum (gap Scandinavia to Yana River)

        Loiseleuria procumbens (gap the Urals to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Phyllodoce coerulea (gap the Urals to Novaya Zemlya to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Campanula uniflora (gap Novaya Zemlya to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Erigeron humilis (= unalaschcensis ) (gap Vaigach to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        The circumpolar component in the arctic flora thus consists of about 180

species.

        B. EURASIATIC PLANTS

        1. Eurasiatic Arctic Plants

Phippsia concinna	Salix reptans

        2. Eurasiatic Arctic-Montane Plants (Many occurring also in Alaska )

Salix hastate	Primula sibirica (in Arctic European Russia and Chukotsk Peninsula only)
Salix lanata
Salix nummularia	Eritrichium villosum
Salix polaris	Myosotis alpestris
Dryas octopetala punctata	Pedicularis cederi
Hedysarum obscurum sens. lat.	Pedicularis verticillata
Oxytropis campestris sordida	Valeriana capitata
Viola biflora (in the southern part only)	Saussurea alpina sens. lat.
	Taraxacum glabrum

019      |      Vol_VI-0348                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        3. Eurasiatic Boreal Plants (Species reaching far into the Arctic )

Calamagrostis lapponica	Rumex graminifolius
Eriophorum v aginatum (E. spissum exluded)	Polygonum bistorta
Veratrum album (subsp. lobelianum and subsp. oxycephalum )	Chrysanthemum bipinnatum
Allium schenoprasum sibiricum	Petasites frigidus

        4. Eurasiatic Boreal Plants Reaching Southern Part of Tundra Zone Only

Carex globularis	Conioselinum vaginatum
Carex heleonastes	Pedicularis sceptrum carolinum
Carex rostrata	Veronica longifolia
Salix myrtilloides	Aster sibiricus
Salix Pyrolifolia (entering the Arctic at Pechora and Chukotsk Peninsula only)	Chrysanthemum vulgaris
Thymus serpyllum sens. lat.	Senecio intergrifolius
Viola epipsila (in Arctic European Russia and Chukotsk Peninsula only)	Erigeron acris asteroides (introduced)

        II. PLANTS OCCURRING IN MIDDLE PART OF THE SOVIET ARCTIC BUT NOT AT BOTH ENDS

        A number of species occur neither in the western nor in the eastern end

of the arctic zone but only in its middle part. They are central Siberian or

Eurasiatic continental species. In the Arctic they might be relicts from a

warmer period when part of the continental components in the Eurasiatic flora

were able to protrude farther northward.

        A. SPECIES NOT APPARENTLY WASHED DOWN BY THE RIVERS

        Bromus sibiricus (arctic Urals)

        Agropyron boreale (arctic Siberia)

        Carex redowskyana (lower Ob, Khatanga, and Lena rivers)

020      |      Vol_VI-0349                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Carex sabynensis (arctic Urals, mouth of Yenisei)

        Salix dasyclados (distribution unclear)

        Delphinium cheilantham (arctic Urals, mouth of Kolyma)

        Delphinium elatum (Kanin to Kolyma, only in southern parts)

        Trollius asiaticus (Vaigach, lower Yenisei and Lena rivers)

        Sorbus sibirica (arctic Europe and Siberia)

        Astragalus australis (= A. uralensis ) (arctic Siberia)

        Geranium albiflorum (arctic Eruopean Russia, arctic Urals)

        Rhododendron anthopogon (arctic Urals, mouth of Lena River)

        Pedicularis compacta (lower Pechora and Yenisei rivers)

        Chrysanthemum sibiricum (Taimyr)

        B. SPECIES APPARENTLY WASHED DOWN BY THE RIVERS

        A number of central Asiatic species or species with wide southern dis–

tribution have apparently been washed down from central Asia along the great

rivers, especially along the Yenisei, since they occur along rivers far north

of their compact area of distribution. Probably several others just reach

the southern limit of the Arctic at the mouths of the Yenisei and Lena rivers.

       

Found at Mouth of Yenisei River

Polygonum tomentosum	Angelica decurrens
Stellaria bungeana	Limosella aquatic
Cardamine macrophylla	Pedicularis uncinata
Viola uniflora	Campanula glomerata
Henacleum dissectum	Achillaea impatiens

021      |      Vol_VI-0350                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Close to Mouth of Yenisei (Doubtful Whether They Reach the Arctic)

Potamogeton pectinatus	Potamogeton pusillus (also in Kola Peninsula)
Potamogeton perfoliatus	Phalaris arundinacea
Potamogeton praelongus	Carex rostrata

       

Found at Mouth of Lena River

Braya aenea	Caragana jubata (entering into the Arctic ?)

       

Swertia perennis

       

Found at Mouth of Kolyma River

       

Beckmannia zizygachne

        III. PLANTS OCCURRING EITHER IN WESTERN OR EASTERN PART OF SOVIET ARCTIC

        In the foregoing pages have been enumerated those plants which occur all

along the arctic belt, at both ends of it, or [ ?] else along the middle part of

it.

        Many plants, however, occur within the arctic belt in its western or in

its eastern part only. The reason for this is either that they belong to

western (European, amphiatlantic) or to eastern (Eastern Asiatic, American)

groups, or that they are more southern species of circumpolar or Eurasiatic

groups which can enter into the tundra zone at its least arctic parts only,

viz., in the European Arctic or in the Arctic of the Far East. As it is of

great phytogeographical interest to know the order in which these species dis–

appear as one moves from Kola Peninsula eastward or from Chukotsk Peninsula

westward, and as no such enumeration has previously existed, lists of them

are given here, starting with the European series and concluding with the

Eastern Asiatic.

022      |      Vol_VI-0351                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        A. PLANTS REACHING THE WESTERN BUT NOT THE EASTERN END OF THE EURASTATIC ARCTIC

        1. In the Arctic Only in Kola Peninsula

        a. Occurring in More Arctic Parts

       

Circumpolar Species

Cystopteris montana (arctic-montane)	Carex salina
Dryopteris austriaca	Carex vesicaria
Dryopteris linnaeana	Juncus filiformis
Dryopteris Phaegopteris	Stellaria calycantha (arctic-montane)
Potamogeton filiformis	Subularia aquatic
Triglochin palustre	Trifolium pratense (introduced)
Milium effusum	Ligusticum scoticum
Poa annua (introduced)	Rhinanthus minor groenlandicus
Poa nemoralis	Utricularia minor

       

European or Eurasiatic Plants

Pinus silvestris	Rubus saxatilis
Calamagrostis purpurea	Vicia cracca
Carex juncella	Callitriche polymorpha
Orchis maculata	Viola montana
Gymandenia canopsea	Viola palustris
Rumex pseudonatronatus	Anthriscus silvestris
Stellaria nemorum	Melampyrum pratense

       

Hieracium to the group tridentate

Other groups

        Deschampsia atropurpurea

        Alchemilla glomerulans (amphiatlantic)

023      |      Vol_VI-0352                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        b. Occurring in Less Arctic Eastern and Western Ends of Kola

Peninsula

       

Circumpolar Species

Equiaetum silvaticum	Carallorhiza trifida
Juncus gerardi	Populus tremula
Lazula multiflora	Pyrola secunda

       

European or Eurasiatic Species

Luzula pilosa	Vicia sepium
Salix caprea	Melampyrum silvaticum
Melandrium rubrum	Plantago media
Ranunculus auricomus	Matricaria inodora
Potentilla erecta	Tussilago farfara

        c. Occurring at Ponoi or Ponoi-Yokanga at Southern Edge of

Arctic Zone

       

Circumpolar Species

Lycopodium complanatum	Carex disperma
Botrychium boreale	Carex livida
Athyrium filix-femina	Carex limosa
Dryopteris filix-mas	Juncus alpinus alpestris (arctic-montane)
Polypodium vulgare	Alnus incana
Potamogeton pusillus	Chenopodium album (Introduced)
Phalaris arundinacea	Stellaria longifolia
Nardus stricta	Sagina procumbens
Agropyron labiglume eurasiaticum (arctic-montane)	Silene cucubalus
Agropyron mutabile (arctic-montane)	Anemone nemorosa

024      |      Vol_VI-0353                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Capsella bursa - pastoris (intoduced)	Galeopsis bifida (introduced)
Rorippa islandica	Veronica scutellata (introduced)
Trifolium repens (introduced)	Veronica serpyllifolia (introduced)
Callitriche verna	Plantago major (introduced)
Drosera rotundifolia	Galium palustre
Epilobium lactiflorum (arctic-montane)	Galium trifidum
Arctostaphylos uva - ursi	Sonchus arvensis

       

European or Eurasiatic Species

Athyrium crenatum	Ranunculus sceleratus reptabundus
Calmagrostis epigeios	Erysimum hieracifolium
Melica nutans	Fumaria officianalis
Molinia coerulea	Prunus padus
Poa remota	Cotoneaster melanocarpus
Poa trivialis	Vicia silvatica
Agropyron caninum	Geranium pratense
Carex heleonastes	Daphne mezereum
Carex loliacea	Epilobium alsinifolium (arctic-montane)
Carex caespitosa	Angelica silvestris
Carex gracilis	Calluna vulgaris
Carex globularis	Myosotis silvatica gfrigida (arctic-montane)
Gegea lutea	Myosotis sparsiflora
Paris quadrifolia	Euphrasia brevipila
Nuphar pumilum	[ ?]Calium uliginosum
Thalictrum simplex boreale	Senecio nemorensis jacquinianus
Actaea erythrocarpa	Crepis paludosa
Crepis tectorum

025      |      Vol_VI-0354                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

Other Groups

Bromus inermis (central Asiatic)	Paeonia anomala intermedia (central Asiatic)
Urtica dioeca gracilis (American)	Ranunculus peltatus
Aconitum septentrionale (central Asiatic)	Rosa cinnamomea (central Asiatic)
Gentiana nivalis (amphiatlantic)

        d. Occurring in Western Part of Kola Peninsula

Alopecurus aequalis (circumpolar)	Carex flava (circumpolar)
Carex goodenowii (circumpolar)	Luzula pallescens (circumpolar)
Carex arctogena (amphiatlantic)	Betula callosa
Carex atrata (circumpolar, arctic-montane)	Polygonum raji norvegicum (European)
Alchemilla alpina (amphiatlantic)

        2. In the Arctic from Kola Peninsula to Arctic Russian Mainland

Puccinellia distans pulvinata	Carex microglochin
Puccinellia maritima	Sorbus aucuparia glabrata
Carex magellanica

        3. In the Arctic from Kola Peninsula to Kanin Peninsula

       

Boreal Circumpolar Species

Triglochin meritimum	Lemna trisulca
Hierochloe ordrata	Salicornia europaea
Carex canescens	Sagina nodosa
Carex pauciflora	Callitriche autumnalis
Lemna minor	Hieracium to the group vulgtiformia

       

Circumpolar Arctic-Montane Species

Athyrium alpestre	Selaginella selaginoides
Epilobium hornemannii (incompletely known)

026      |      Vol_VI-0355                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

Other Groups

Carex halleri (amphiatlantic)	Gnaphalium norvegicum (amphi– atlantic, also in middle Urals)
Viscaria a lpina (amphiatlantic)
Barbarea stricta (Eurasiatic, from Kolyma to Anaydr Bay orthoceras	Cirsium heterophylllum (north European)
Cenolophium fischeri (Eurasiatic)	Ligularia sibirica (Eurasiatic)

        4. In the Arctic from Kola Peninsula to Kanin and Kolguev

Agrostis stolonifera (boreal circumpolar)	Angelica archangelica (north European)
Juncus arcticus (circumpolar arctic-montane)	Gentiana aurea (amphiatlantic)
Salix lapponum (north European, also on the mainland)	Lomatogonium rotatum (circumpolar arctic-montane, also on the mainland)
Salix phylicifolia (north European, also on the mainland)	Euphrasia frigida (amphiatlantic)
Rumex acetosa (circumpolar arctic-montane)	Antennaria dioica (Eurasiatic)
Aconitum septentrionale (central Asiatic)	Gnaphalium supinum (amphiatlantic)
Geum rivale (boreal circumpolar)	Fetasites laevigatus (central Asiatic)
Alchemilla glemerulans (amphiatlantic)	Solidago virgaurea (Eurasiatic)

        5. In the Arctic from Kola Peninsula to Urals

Deschampsia fletuosa (several separate areas)	Trollius europaeus (north European)
Carex adelestoma (area little known)	Fillipendula ulmaria (north European)
Dianthus superbus (Eurasiatic)	Veronica alpina (circumpolar arctic– montane)
Pinguicula vulgaris (circumpolar)

027      |      Vol_VI-0356                                                                                                                  
E A-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        6. In the Arctic from Kola Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya or Vaigach

       

Amphiatlantic Plants

Carex paralella	Draba norvegica (= rupestris)
Stellaria crassipes	Arabis alpina (also in the Kara tundra)
Cerastium alpinus sens. str.
Cerastium trigynum	Saxifraga stellaris
Arenaria pseudofrigida	Bartia alpina
Ranunculus glacialis sens. str.	Taraxacum brachyceras (= simulum)

       

Other Groups

Alopecurus ventricosus (group doubtful)	Elymus arenarius sens, str. (north European
Phleum alpimum commutatus (circumpolar arctic-montane	Juncus triglumis (circumpolar arctic-montane)
Puccinellia retroflexa suecica (north European)	Primula stricta sens. str. (amphi– atlantic, in Siberia P. stricta jacutensis
Puccinellia distans (Eurasiatic)

        7. In the Arctic from Kola to Lower Ob River

Juncus trifidus (amphiatlantic)	Geranium silvaticum (north European)
Salix herbacea (amphiatlantic)	Alchemilla murbeckiana (north European)
Melandrium furcatum angustiflorum (arctic European)	Vaccinium myrtillus (north European)
Ribes rubrum (Eurasiatic)	Castilleja pallida arctica (endemic)
Plantago maritima sens. lat. (several separate areas, goes to Yalmal)

        8. In the Arctic from Kola to Yenisei

Pices abies obovata (central Asiatic)	Larix sibirica (central Asiatic)
Juniperus communis (boreal circumpolar)	Scripus caespitosus austriacus (boreal circumpolar)

028      |      Vol_VI-0357                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Carex dioeca (Eurasiatic)	Myosotis palustris (Eurasiatic)
Salix arbuscula (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)	Ledum palustre sens. str. (north European, east of Yenisei subsp. decumbens)
Salix myrsinites (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)
Salix nigricans (North European, only along southern rim of the Arctic)	Cassiope hypnoides (amphiatlantic)
Betula tortuosa (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)	Diapensia lapponica sens. str. (amphiatlantic, in the east subsp. obovata)
Stellaria graminea (Eurasiatic)	Euphrasia frigida (amphiatlantic)
Stellaria palustris (central Asiatic)	Pinguiculs alpina (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)

        9. In the Arctic from Kola to Taimyr

        Potentilla crantzii (amphiatlantic)

        10. In the Arctic from Kola to Lena

Creastium regelii (arctic Eurasiatic)	Astragalus norvegicus (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)
Pedicularis hirsuta (amphiatlantic, ? in Chukotsk Peninsula)

        B. PLANTS REACHING THE EASTERN BUT NOT THE WESTERN END OF THE EURASIATIC ARCTIC

        1. In the Arctic in Chukotsk Peninsula only

       

Boreal Circumpolar Plants

Woodsia ilvensis	Potentilla fruticosa

       

Circumpolar Arctic-Alpine Plant

        Gentiana Prostrata

       

Eastern Asiatic Inland Plants

Larix dahurica	Salix krylovii
Carex novograblenovii	Claytonia eschscholtzii
Salix berberifolia	Stellaria dehurica

029      |      Vol_VI-0358                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Saxifraga dahurica	Oxytropis adamsiana
Saxifraga nudicaulis	Pinguicula glandulosa
Saussurea tilesii

       

Eastern Asiatic Coastal Plants

Carex scita karaginensis	Potentilla fragiformis
Trollius membranestylic	Cnidium ajanense
Draba eschscholtzii	Rhodedendron kamtschaticum glandulosum
Ermania parryeides
Dicentra peregrinus	Aster consanguineus
Oxytropis revoluta	Artemisia glomerata

       

Plants Confined to Bering Strait Area

Colpodium vrightii	Saxifraga dahurica grandipetala
Stellaria dicrancides	Chrysosplenium wrightii
Minuartia elegans	Eritrichium chamissonis
Smelovskia calycina integrifolia	Artemisia senjavinensis

       

Pacific Plants

        Several of the species belonging to this group are apparently rare on

the Chukotsk Peninsula. They are probably relicts from a warmer period, during

which they had a more northerly area on the shores of the Bering Sea.

Deschampsia beringensis	Draba borealis
Poa komarowii	Potentilla villosa
Poa arctica williamsii	Saxifraga bracteata
Carex anthoxanthea	Geranium erianthum
Carex macrochaeta	Angelica lucida
Carex lyngbyaei cryptocarpa	Phyllodoce aleutica

030      |      Vol_VI-0359                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Primula cureifolia saxifragifolia	Trientalis europaea arctica
Primula tschuktschorum	Artmisia globularia
Taraxacum kamtschaticum

       

Eastern Asiatic-Western American Plants

Selaginella schmidtii	Saxifraga eschscholtzii
Selaginella sibirica	Saxifraga unalaschcensis
Carex montanensis	Spiraea beauverdiana
Salix alaxensis	Potentilla biflora
Salix phlebophylla	Geum rossii
Salix reticulata orbiculata	Rubus stellatus
Claytonia sarmentosa	Campanula laciocarpa
Anemone narcissiflora sibirica	Antennaria monocephala
Draba densifolia	Arnica lessingii
Alyssum americanum	Saussurea angustifolia
Saxifraga bronchialis funstonii	Saussurea nuda
Taraxacum lateritium

       

American Plants

Elymus arenarius mollis	Stellaria monantha
Poa leptocoma	Silene stenophylla
Bromus pumpellianus arcticus	Thalictrum sparsiflorum
Carex circinata	Cardamine purpurea
Carex gynocrates	Arabis lyrata kamtschatica
Carex membrancea	Saxifraga exilis
Carex scripoides	Parnassia kotzebuei

031      |      Vol_VI-0360                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Potentilla vahliana	Dodecatheon frigidum
Dryas integrifolia	Gentiana propinqua
Oxytropis bellii	Solidago multiradiata
Oxytropis maydeliana	Chrysanthemum integrifolium
Conioselinum benthamii	Antennaria ekmanniana
Scencio pseudo-arnica

        2. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Kolyma

       

Northeastern Asiatic Plants

Calamagrostis kolymensis	Rhododendron chrysanthemum
Arenaria tschuktchorum	Dracocephalum palmatum

       

Eastern Asiatic-Western American Plants

Selaginella sibirica	Androsace ochotensis
Aconitum delphinifolium	Arnica louiseana frigida

       

American Plants

Carex stylosa	Pyrola asarifolia incarnata

        3. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Lena River

       

Arctic-Montana Plants

Kobresia schoenoides (Eurasiatic)	Potentilla elegans (Asia and Alaska)
Salix torulosa
Oxytropis glacialis	Aster alpinus (Eurasia, America)
Corydalis pauciflora (Asia and Alaska)	Crepis nana (Asia, America)

       

Eastern Asiatic Plants

Carex lenaensis	Claytonia acutifolia (also in Alaska)
Carex vanheurkii
Polygonum pawlovskianum	Draba juvenilis

032      |      Vol_VI-0361                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Draba pseudopilosa (also in Alaska)	Saxifraga redowskiana
Primula stricta jakutensis (= egalikensis ?)

       

Eastern Asiatic-Western American Plants

Calamagrostis purpurascens arctica	Cardamine richardsonii
Puccinellia hauptiana	Draba barbata
Carex lugens (= soczaweana )	Draba caesia (= paladeriana )
Salix arbutifolia (= fuscescens )	Potentilla uniflora
Salix chamissonis	Primula borealis
Merckia physodes	Gentiana acuta
Delphinium brachycentrum	Gentiana glauca
Cardamine microphylla	Taraxacum sibiricum

       

American Plants

Anemone richardsonii	Hedysarum mackenziei

       

4. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Taimyr

       

Arctic-Montane plants

Saxifraga serpyllifolia	Artemisia trifurcata

       

North Asiatic Plants

Elymus interior ( villosissimus of Russian authors)	Oxytropis middendorffii
Cal Claytonia tuberosa (also in Alaska)	Pedicularis adamsii
Oxytropis mertensiana (also in Alaska)	Petasites gmelinii (also in the central Urals)

       

Eastern Asiatic-American Plants

Eriophorum callitrix (to Khatanga River)	Diapensia lapponica obovata
Lesquerella arctica	Pedicularis langsdorffii (incl. P. arctica )
Ribes triste
Artemisia arctica

033      |      Vol_VI-0362                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

5. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Yeninsei River

       

Arctic Asiatic-American Plants

Festuca altaica (arctic-montane)	Alyssum americanum (Alaska only in America)
Betula nana exilis
Polygonum laxmannii (arctic-montane)	Oxytropis leucantha
Claytonia arctica (to Norilsk Mts.)	Oxytropis nigrescens
Melandrium furcatum sens. str.	Oxytropis roaldi (little known)
Melandrium taylorae	Ladum palustre decumbens
Ranunculus pygmaeus sabinei	Eritrichium aretioides (in America west of Mackenzie River)
Draba pilosa (nearly circumpolar)	Pedicularis capitata (nearly circumpolar
Castilleja pallida elegans	Boschniskia rossica

       

Eurasiatic Plant

        Androsace filiformis (southern, farther westward)

       

6. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Ob River

       

Asiatic-American Plants

Carex bonanzensis	Descurainia sophioides
Pedicularis labradorica

       

7. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to the Urals

       

Arctic or Arctic-Montane Plants

Dryopteris fragrans (circumpolar, arctic-montane)	Potentilla stipularis (Asiatic)
Carex melanocarpa (Asiatic)	Geum glaciale
Tofieldia nutans (nearly circumpolar)	Pyrola secunda obtusata (nearly circumpolar)
Rumex sibiricus (also in Alaska)	Pedicularis lanata (nearly circumpolar)
Minuartia arctica (also in Alaska)
Saxifraga punctata (arctic-montane, also in America)	Crepis chrysantha (Asiatic, arctic-montane)

034      |      Vol_VI-0363                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

8. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya

       

Arctic Plants

Calamagrostis holmii (Asiatic, also in Alaska)	Draba macrocarpa (nearly circumpolar)
Koeleria asiatica (Asiatic)	Draba micropetala (nearly circumpolar)
Puccinellia langeana asiatica (Asiatic)	Draba oblongata (nearly circumpolar)
Salix pulchra (also in Alaska)	Draba pauciflora (nearly circumpolar)
Salix rotundifolia (also in Alaska)	Draba subcapitata (nearly circumpolar)
Minuartia macrocarpa (also in Alaska)	Hesperis pallasii (nearly circumpolar)
Ranunculus affinis (nearly circumpolar)	Androsace triflora (Asiatic)

       

Arctic-Montane Plants

Festuca brevifolia	Saxifraga flagellaris
Festuca supine	Androsace chamae jasme lehmanniana
Lloydia serotina	Senecio atropurpureus (“frigidus”)
Stellaria longipes	Senecio resedifolius
Cerastium maximum

        9. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Arctic Russian Mainland

        Hierochloe pauciflora (nearly circumpolar, arctic)

        Trisetum sibiricum litorale (also in Alaska)

        Alnus crispa (to Mezen, nearly circumpolar)

        Dianthus repens (to Pechora, also in Alaska)

        Draba sibirica (to Pechora, Asiatic)

        Epilobium latifolium (circumpolar arctic-montane)

        Cortusa mathioli (Eurasiatic)

        Pedicularis amoena (to Bolshezemelskaia tundra, Asiatic)

035      |      Vol_VI-0364                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        10. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Kolguev

        Festuca brachyphlla (nearly circumpolar)

        Calamagrostis canadensis langsdorffii (also in Alaska)

        Stellaria ciliatosepala (nearly circumpolar)

        11. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Kanin

       

Arcctic Plants

        Alopecurus alpinus

        Dupontia fischeri (nearly circumpolar)

        Deschampsia arctica (nearly circumpolar)

        Cerastium berringianum (also in Alaska)

        Astragalus umbellatus (also in Alaska)

        Lagotis stelleri (Eurasiatic)

        Artemisia tilesii (also in Alaska)

       

Arctic-Montane Plants

        Parrya nudicaulis (also in western America)

        Ligusticum nutellinoides alpinum (also in Alaska)

        12. In the Arctic from Chukotsk Peninsula to Kola Peninsula (but

lacking in Scandinavia )

       

Arctic-Montane Plants

Salix arctica	Myosotis alpestris
Eutrema edwardsii	Pedicularis sudetica
Hedysarum obscurum sens . lat.	Pedicularis verticillata
Lomatogonium rotatum	Valeriana capitata

036      |      Vol_VI-0365                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

Arctic Circumpolar Plants

Rumex arcticus	Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus
Ranunculus pallasii

       

Northern Eurasiatic Plants

Salix reptans	Chrysanthum bipinnatum

        IV. ENDEMIC PLANTS

        Numerous plants are endemic in the Soviet Arctic, that is, they occur

nowhere else. However, the endemism is not very strongly marked, as most of

them differ only slightly from close relatives in the arctic or boreal belt.

These plants in many cases should rather be regarded as arctic races of more

widespread species, but the present tendency to recognize very small systematical

units as species causes most authors to quote them as distinct species.

        An enumeration of the endemics of the Soviet Arctic is given below.

They are roughly divided into four geographical groups.

        1. Endemics with Wide Distribution Within the Soviet Arctic or Even

Occurring Somewhat Outside It

        Trisetum sibiricum litorale (arctic European Russia to Chukotsk Peninsula,

also in Alaska)

        Calamagrostis holmii (Novaya Zemlya to Alaska, related to C . d eschampsioides )

        Puccinellia sibirica (lower Yenisei and 0b Rivers)

        Salix reptans (Kola peninsula to Anadyr and Kamchatka)

        Cerastium regelii (Kola Peninsula to Lena River; also on Spitsbergen, related

to C. alpinum )

        Silene pauciflora (arctic Europe and Siberia, related to S. graminifolia)

        Ranunculus hyperboreus samojedorum (Kolguev to Chukotks Peninsula; also

in Alaska)

037      |      Vol_VI-0366                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Arabis septentrionalis (Novaya Zemlya to Kolyma, related to A. petraea )

        Draba glacialis (arctic Europe and Siberia, related to D. alpina )

        Oxytropis campestris sordida (Kola to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Hedysarum arcticum (race of H. obscurum )

        Arnica alpina iljini (Novaya Zemlya to Chukotsk Peninsula)

        2. Endemics Occurring in Most Arctic Central Parts Only

        Poa taimyrensis (Taimyr, related to P. lanatiflora )

        Poa tolmatchevii (Taimyr, related to P. arctica )

        Lynchnis villosula (Taimyr to Lena River, related to L. sibirica )

        Melandrium taimyrense (Taimyr, related to M. furcatum )

        Caltha caespitosa (Novaya Zemlya to Taimyr, related to C. palustris )

        Papaver pulvinatum (Taimyr, related to P. radicatum )

        Draba parvisiliquosa (Taimyr, related to D. cineres )

        Draba pohlei (Taimyr, related to D. alpina )

        Oxytropis sverdrupi (Taimyr, little known)

        Senecio taimyrensis (Gorodkov, unpublished)

        3. Endemics Occurring in Western Parts of Soviet Arctic

        Koehleria gorodkovi (Gydan tundra)

        Kochleria pohleana (Kolguev, related to K. glauca )

        Calamagrostis steinbergii (Northern Island of Novaya Zemlya)

        Puccinellia jenisejensis (= Atropis jenisejensis Roshew ) (lower Yenisei River)

        Poa petschorica (Pechora, related to P. arctica )

        Carex bucculenta (Kanin, Novaya Zemlya, race or form of C. incurva )

        Carex selina (western Siberia, race or form of C. incurva )

038      |      Vol_VI-0367                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Lychnis samojedorum (Pechora, arctic Siberia, related to L. sibirica )

        Melandrium furcatum angustifolium (Scandinavia to Ob River)

        Ranunculus glabriusculus (race of P. acris )

        Papaver angustifolium (Gydan tundra, lower Yenisei, related to P. radicatum )

        Draba kjellmanii (Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach; also in Spitsbergen, related to

D. alpina )

        Rhodiola arctica (Kola Peninsula to Novaya Zemlya, in [se ?] parable from R. rosea ?)

        Sorbus polaris (lower Ob River, variety of S. sibirica )

        Astragalus grigorievii (Kanin Peninsula, related to A. umbellatus )

        Epilobium tundrarum (Vaigach to Taimyr, related to E. palustre )

        Castilleja pallida arctica (Kola Peninsula to Yenisei)

        Taraxacum brevicorne (Novaya Zemlya to Yenisei)

        Taraxacum hjeltii (Scandinavia to Kanin Peninsula)

        Taraxacum nova zemliae (Novaya Zemlya (= T. brachyceras ?))

        Taraxacum platyphyllum (Novaya Zemlya)

        4. Endemics Occurring in Eastern Part of Soviet Arctic

        Calamagrostis kolymaensis (Kolyma to Chukotsk Peninsula, related to C. neglecta )

        Calamagrostis bungeana (Yana River, related to C. neglecta )

        Koehleria seminude (lower Lena River, related to K. cristata )

        Puccinellia laeviuscula (Chukotsk Peninsula; also in Alaska)

        Carex arakamensis (Chukotsk Peninsula, related to C. holostoma )

        Monolepis asiatica (Yenisei to Kolyma, related to M. nuttalliana )

        Cerastium bialynichii Cerastium bialynichii (Yenisei to Chukotsk Peninsula; also in Alaska?, related

to C. alpinum )

        Arenaria tschuktchorum (Kolyma to Chukotsk Peninsula, related to A. capillaris )

039      |      Vol_VI-0368                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Trollius chartosepalus (Chukotsk Peninsula)

        Draba chamissonis (Chukotsk Peninsula, related to D. nivalis )

        Saxifraga redowskii (Lena to Kolyma, related to S. stellaris )

        Rhodiola borealis (Henisei to Chukotsk Peninsula, doubtfully distinct from

R. rosea

        Oxytropis middendorffii (Taimyr to Kolyma, related to O. schmidtii and

O. leucantha )

        Oxytropis schmidtii (Yenisei to Kolyma, related to O. middendorffii and

O. leucantha

        Artemisia laciniatiformis (Chukotsk Peninsula, related to A. laciniata )

        Taraxacum macilentum (Yenisei to Lena River)

        Taraxacum longicorne (lower Lena River)

        Taraxacum macrodens (lower Lena River)

        V. SINGULAR SPECIES

        A few species have such a singular distribution that for the present

at least, they cannot be grouped with other plants. They are enumerated below.

        Pleuropogon sabinei : Novaya Zemlya, mouth of Lena River, Wrangel Island,

Altai, Greenland, northeastern America (arctic-montane species with several

large gaps in area)

        Colpodium vahlianum (= Puccinellia kjellmanii): Novaya Zemlya, Wrangel

Island, Spitsbergen, Greenland (circumpolar?)

        Agropyron angustiglume : Arctic Urals, northern Europe, central Asiatic

mountains, Kamchatka

        Torularia humilis : Mouth of Lena and Yana Rivers, the Himalayas, moun–

tains of China and Korea, Altai, Alaska, Newfoundland, Greenland (arctic–

montane with large gaps)

040      |      Vol_VI-0369                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Braya linearis : Scandinavia, Pechora, Vaigach, mouth of Lena River,

eastern America (area very little known)

        Centiana verna : Kanin, Kolguev, Samoyed tundra in the Arctic, then in

central and southern Europe, in England, Oreland, Caucasus and central

Asiatic mountains (Eurasiatic arctic-montane)

        Artemisia richardsoniana : Taimyr, arctic America (distribution but

little known)

        Antennaria alpina : Circumpolar type divided into spomictic types -–

A. alpina s. str., Scandinavia, Kola, Kanin, Greenland, Iceland

       

Origin and Composition of Arctic Flora

        The circumpolar arctic and boreal species form the core of the arctic

flora. They constitute the chief components in most plant communities. Their

origin is obscure, as they are plants with a marked ability to spread and

often with large ecological amplitude. Gaps in their area caused by climatic

or other changes during their earlier history are rapidly filled up when bet–

ter conditions permit, and they then penetrate to their climatic and ecological

limits. They must be plants that occurred in the Tertiary period in the

northern zone of the earth.

        The arctic-montane group must have had a different history. They are

Tertiary mountains plants which survived the glacial periods on plains or on

mountains in unglaciated areas, chiefly in easternmost Asia and in unglaciated

Alaska, and spread eastward and westward from that center during warmer periods.

Most of them are more or less circumpolar, while a few are Eurasiatic. Many

of them show large gaps in their area, proving that the drought during warm

periods or other changes in the climatic or ecological conditions exterminated

041      |      Vol_VI-0370                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

them from part of their area and that they have not been able subsequently to

fill the gaps. A detailed study of their interesting and diverse areas will

give the key to an interpretation of their history.

        Numerous species bordering the shores of both the Atlantic and the Pacific

occur. In Europe they form the rich Atlantic and sub-Atlantic components in

the flora; in eastern America it is for the most part other species that form

corresponding groups. In the Pacific the flora is to a large extent the same

on the borders of the Asiatic and on American shores. In no case do the

European Atlantic and sub-Atlantic plants reach the Arctic (possibly with

the exception of Cornus suecica and Montia lamprosperma ). In the Pacific the

conditions are quite the opposite. Numerous plants bordering the American

and Asiatic shores occur in the Chukotsk Peninsula, and even farther north

in Wrangel Island. Many of them are found far to the west in the Arctic,

as will be seen from the lists of distribution. The reason for this is doubt–

less that the Pacific was very little glaciated during the glacial periods,

and plants which have been exterminated elsewhere were thus able to survive

these glaciations and spread when the amelioration of the climate set in.

        The plants occurring only in the western part of the Eurasiatic Arctic

are mostly boreal circumpolar or boreal Eurasiatic species which barely reach

into the arctic zone in its least arctic parts. A few amphiatlantic plants

also belong here. They would seem to be remnants of formerly circumpolar

species which died out in the Pacific. This view, however, is opposed by some

other phytogeographers, who consider them to be species of a sunken North

Atlantic land bridge. Most amphiatlantic species extend to Novaya Zemlya.

        A singular position in the Arctic is occupied by Cornus suecica , and

042      |      Vol_VI-0371                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Montia lamprosperma which occur both in the European part and in the Chukotck

Peninsula. They may be said to be circumpolar subocean species, as they occur

on all the four ocean shores of the boreal belt.

        Central Asiatic or Eurasiatic plants occur for the most part on the

southern border of the Arctic. They play no part in the vegetation. They

are either relicts from a warmer period or plants whose present ecological

amplitude allows them to penetrate northward into the tundra zone.

        The endemics have already been dealt with in the above pages.

        Finally it may be emphasized that ferns are very rare. Cystopteris

fragilis, Woodsia ilvensis, W. glabella, Athyrium alpestre, Cryptogramma

stelleri, Dryopteris fragrans , and D. robertiana are present, in Kola

Peninsula still others occur, but some in single localities only. Annuals

are lacking, except for Koenigia , which, however, might be expected to be

biennial in the Arctic. Geophytes are extremely rare as the bulbs cannot

stand the frozen soil. Lloydia serotina is the only real arctic geophyte.

Allium schoenoprasum sibiricum and Coeloglosum viride occur, however, on the

southern rim of the tundra zone.

        The largest genus in the Arctic is Carex , with about 60 species, next

comes Salix with 35, Draba with 31, Saxifraga with 22, and Poa , Potentilla ,

and Pedicularis with 16 each.

       

THE VEGETATION

        The vegetation of the Arctic is fairly uniform as most of the species

that play a large part in the prevailing plant communities belong to the

circumpolar group of distribution. The vegetation of the Chukotsk Peninsula

is the most prominent exception to this rule. As only very limited parts of

043      |      Vol_VI-0372                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

the Arctic have been well investigated phytogeogrphically, only a somewhat

schematic review of the conditions is possible. A general characterization

of the main vegetational zones will first be given, mainly according to the

system of Gorodkov. This will be followed by a short description of the

different geographical provinces of the Arctic, starting in the west with

the Kola Peninsula and ending in the east with the Chukotsk Peninsula.

       

Zones of Vegetation

        The snow zone comprises the Franz Josef Land Archipelago, the northern

island of Novaya Zemlya except the Matochkin Shar district, Severnaya

Zemlya north of Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost part of that Cape and

the northern New Siberian Islands. Nothing is known of the flora and

vegetation of the small islands between Yalmal and Severnaya Zemlya, of

which Lonely Island has long been known, or of the two islands between Franz

Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya, Ushakov Island (covered with ice) and Vize

Island, but they naturally belong to the snow zone.

        In the snow zone vascular plants are found only in favored places well

sheltered by snow in wintertime and warmed by insolation in summertime. In

the snow fields red snow ( Chlamydomonas nivalis ) is common, and brown patches

of diatoms also occur on the glaciers and snow fields.

        The vascular plants grow mostly in clumps of thawing earth found in the

pits of frost cracks. Only the most hardy species, such as Alopecurus alpinus ,

Poa alpigena , Silene acaulis , Draba alpina , Saxifraga groenlandica , S. oppo –

sitifolia , Papaver radicatum , Siversia glacialis , and Myosotis alpestris , are

found. At Cape Chelyuskin, for instance, Kjellman found very few lichens and

mosses but mostly Deschampsia arctica and Catabrosa algida in the cracks of

the earth.

044      |      Vol_VI-0373                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        High-Arctic Tundra Zone . South of the snow zone follows the high-arctic

tundra. It comprises the southern island of Novaya Zemlya, the northern

shore of Matochkin Shar, Vaigach, the northern half of Yalmal Peninsula, the

northern part of Taimyr Peninsula, and a narrow coastal strip from the mouth

of Khatanga River to somewhat east of Chaun Bay, including the Lena Delta.

Wrangel Island must also be regarded as belonging to this zone as it has a

flora of 150 species, several of them not high-arctic, although Soviet

botanists refer it to the snow zone.

        The snow cover is usually thin in the high-arctic zone and the ground

ice thaws to depths of only 20 to 30 cm.

        Along the seashore of the high-arctic zone are found salt or brackish

meadows. Their vegetation consists of Dupontia fischeri, Festuca rubra ,

Calamagrostis deschampsioides , Carex rariflora and C. subspathacea. East

of the Lena River the saline meadows are of a different character, Carex

aquatilis stans and Arctophila fulva alternating with mosses. Along the

seashore are found Puccinellia phryganode s, Elymus , Honckenya peploides ,

Stellaria humifusa , Cochlearia , and Magricaria ambigua .

        South of the shore line, more or less wet polygon-tundra, Dryas tundra,

and polygon swamps cover most of the ground. They are all characterized by

their open vegetation. Lichen tundra, moss tundra, and meadows occupy small

areas. In the inundation zone along the rivers occur Salix reptans and, to

a lesser extent, S. lanata and S. pulchra .

        The polygon tundra is formed by the action of strong wind and heavy

frost. In wintertime the wind blows away the snow from the summits of small

elevations of the ground. Any existing vegetation is also blown away there,

045      |      Vol_VI-0374                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

and only bare earth remains throughout the winter. The earth freezes, and

cracks forming polygons around the bare patches are formed by the expanding

ice. In these craks the melting water accumulates in the spring and re–

peatedly freezes and thaws. This widens the cracks. A solid lump of ice

usually remains in the center of the polygons until the middle of the summer.

The vegetation finds a foothold only in the cracks, which form a sluggish

drainage system, so that water remains in them during most of the summer.

Such polygons are formed chiefly on clayey or muddy ground, but not in sandy

soil. The scraping of the hoofs of the reindeer may initiate the formation

of polygon tundra in moss or lichen tundra.

        Lichens and mosses are poorly developed in the polygon tundra. Among

the lichens occur Alectoria ochroleuca and Cornicularia divergens (predom–

inating) and, further, Cetraria crispa , C. cucullata , Stereocaulon alpinum ,

and Thamnolia vermicularis. Cladonia species are lacking.

        The mosses are Drepanoclades uncinatus , Polytrichum alpinum , Rhacmitrium

canescens, R. hypnoides ( Lanuginosum ), and Webera cruda .

        The most characteristic vascular plants are:

Hierochloe alpina	Betula nana (or nana exilis )
Poa arctica	Polygonum viviparum
Festuca brachyphylla	Minuartia macrocarpa
Alopecurus alpinus	Draba fladnizensis
Carex bigelowii	Parrya nudicaulis
Luzula confusa	Papaver radicatum
Salix rotundifolia	Dryas octopetala punctata
Salix polaris	Pedicularis oederi

046      |      Vol_VI-0375                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        In addition to the species enumerated above, the wet polygon tundra is

characterized by Eriophorum scheuchzeri , Calamagrostis neglecta borealis ,

Arctagrostis latifolia , Pedicularis sudetica , and others.

        In the southernmost part of the high-arctic zone the polygon tundras

show transgressions to patchy tundra where low grasses and even low shrubs

occur among rich patches of lichens and mosses. This patchy tundra, how–

ever, mostly belongs to the lichen-moss tundra zone.

        Ranunculus hyperboreus and R. pallasii are found in very wet places.

        The Dryas tundra dominates in many places in the southern part of the

high-arctic zone, as in southern Taimyr and at the mouth of the Yenisei.

        Besides Dryas octopetala punctata , the following are characteristic:

Hierochloe alpina	Astragalus umbellatus
Carex rupestris	Oxytropis nigrescens (in the east)
Lloydia serotina	Saxifraga oppositifolia
Salix arctica	Diapensia lapponica
Parrya nudicaulis

        In the thin and sparse lichen-moss layer are found Ditrichum flexicaule ,

Distichium capillarum , and others.

        Dryas tundra occurs southward, mostly as patches in the polygon tundra

southward to the forests.

        Where sandy soil predominates over large areas, lichen tundra occurs.

Its vegetation may be said to be an extension northward of that of the northern–

most sandy larch forests. In the high-arctic lichen tundra, patches of lichens

alternate with patches of bare soil, which sometimes occupy large areas. The

cryptogams are represented by Cetraria cucullata , C. islandica , Alectoria

047      |      Vol_VI-0376                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

nigrescens , A. chalybeiformis , Cornicularia aculeata , and Polytrichum hyper –

boreum . Middendorff found such lichen tundra in the Taimyr only in the

Byrranga Mountains, the vegetation of which is still very little known. In

the northern part of the high-arctic zone the lichen tundra depauperates

and transgressions occur to polygon tundra.

        In the southern part of the zone, where domesticated reindeer are fre–

quent, the lichen tundra is badly damaged by them. The composition of the

lichen flora is influenced by their grazing. Cetaria nivalis , Sphaerophorus

globosum , and Stereocaulon paschale are less eaten and are thus favored by

grazing. Lichens grow slowly in northern countries, and the lichen tundra

recovers slowly from the grazing.

        The moss tundra is poorly developed in the high-arctic zone and is found

chiefly along the shore of the Arctic Sea and in the southern central part

eastward to the Lena River. Farther eastward, in spite of the lower precipita–

tion, the vegetation is so boggy that moss tundra is not formed. Rather wet

moss tundras occur with Eriophorum angustifolium , Carex aquatilis stans ,

C. misandra , Salix pulchra , S. reticulata , Polygonum viviparum , and Dryas .

        Peat bogs or mires with a continuous peat cover are not present in the

high-arctic zone, where Sphagnum is mostly lacking or occurs merely as a

floristic rarity. They are replaced by polygonal sedge swa m ps, which often

cover large areas. These swamps are divided into polygons by cracks with

somewhat raised margins. The ice persists in the cracks up to late summer.

These polygonal swamps correspond to the drier polygon tundra. The humus

layer is usually shallow, 25 to 30 cm., and is formed by mosses such as

Calliergon richardsonii , C. sarmentosum , C. stramineum , Drepanocladum exanula –

tus , D. revolvens , D. sendtneri , and D. vernicosus . If Sphagnum is present

048      |      Vol_VI-0377                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

at all, S. obtusum and S. squarrosum are the most common species. Of higher

plants Carex predominates, with C. aquatilis stans , C. rariflora , and

C. rotundata ; and, further, Eriophorum angustifolium , E. russeolum , Dupontia

fischeri , Hierochloe pauciflora , Salix reptans , Caltha palustris , Comarum

palustre , and Patesites frigidus are commoncomponents in these high-arctic

polygon swamps.

        Tundra meadows are poorly developed especially in the central Siberian

parts. They are formed in places where deep and long-remaining snow cover

kills most of the lichens and mosses. The grasses and sedges in these

meadows are the same as in the polygon swamps. They are low but grow thickly.

Salix pulchra , Ranunculus acris borealis , Lagotis stelleri , and others are

found in these meadows. The bottom layer is formed by a few scattered lichens

and mosses that can stand the long snow cover, such as Dicranum congestum ,

Drepanocladus uncinatus , Polytrichum hyperboreum , Cetraria delisei .

        In the extreme north the twigs of the shrubs shade the earth and the

ground ice persists longer under them than in their surroundings. Farther

south the conditions are just the opposite. The twigs are warmed by the sun

and the ice melts more quickly beneath them than on the open tundra. Shrubs

are therefore suppressed in the north but favored in the south.

        Lichen-Moss Tundra Zone . South of the high-arctic tundra zone stretches

the lichen-moss tundra zone in the west, replaced east of the Lena River by

the Eriophorum -tussock tundra. The lichen-moss tundra occupies northern Kanin

Peninsula, Kolguev, a narrow strip of the mainland, the northernmost Urals,

southern Yalmal Peninsula, and from northern Taz Bay to lower Khatanga and

Olenek rivers. The Eriophorum -tussock tundra stretches from west of the Yana

049      |      Vol_VI-0378                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

River to the mountains east of the lower Kolyma River. It also occurs in

the shrub zone south of Channkaia Bay and in Chukotsk Peninsula.

        It is characteristic of the lichen-moss tundra zone that dwarf shrubs

are common and that the plant communities are more numerous and sometimes

more or less closed.

        The chief vegetational types are polygon tundra, Dryas tundra, lichen

tundra, moss tundra, mucky bogs, and tundra meadows.

        The polygon tundra described above is distributed throughout the zone,

but its floristic composition is poorer and the dwarf shrubs play a greater

part here than in the high-arctic zone. Betula nana, Empetrum, Arctostaphylos

alpina, Ledum palustre decumbens, Vaccinium vitis-idaea minus , and V. uligi –

nosum are frequent and lichens are more abundant. Grass patches occur with

such plants are Carex melanocrapa, Festuca brachyphylla, Juncus biglumis,

J. castaneus, Papaver radicatum, Petasites gmelini .

        The Dryas tundra is of a different composition, especially in the western

Siberian lowlands, with Alopecurus alpinus, Arctagrostis latifolia, Carex

bigelowii, Luzula arctica , and Salix lanata in the upper layer and Cetraria

crispa , C. cucullata , Cladonia gracilis , Dicranum congestum , Dufouraea

arctica , Hylocomium proliferum ( splendens ), Polytrichum hyperboreum , Ptilidium

ciliare , and Salix polaris in the lower.

        The lichen tundra occurs preferably on sandy soil. It is usually poor

in species as well as in individuals. Their poorness is in part the result

of reindeer grazing.

        The Alectoria tundra is most hardy against frost and wind and therefore

predominates in the northern and in the more continental parts, while the

050      |      Vol_VI-0379                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

Cladonia tundra, which suffers badly from heavy frosts, is found chiefly in

the southern part of the zone, especially from Kola to the Yenisei and in the

Far East, where they are particularly common. In the loose lichen-moss mat

of the Alectoria tundra, Alectoria nigricans predominates, and Cetraria

species, especially C. cucullata and C. nivalis , are much less prominent.

Vascular plants are Carex bigelowii , Luzula confusa , Ledum palustre decum –

bens , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus , Cassiope tegragona , Diapensia lapponica ,

and, in the east, Polygonum pawlovskianum . On the Cladonia tundra, Cladonia

sylvatica , C. rangiferina , C. uncialis and C. amaurocraea predominate, and

in Kola Peninsula also C. alpestris . Other characteristic species of the

ground layer are Cornicularia divergens , Aulacomnium turgidum , Cetraria

cucullata , C. crispa , Cladonia pleurota , C. gracilis , Dicranum elongatum ,

Dufourea arctica , Polytrichum hyperboreum , P. piliferum , and Rhacomitrium

hypnoides ( lanuginosum ), the last-mentioned being especially common in the

west. The vascular plants consist of scattered specimens of Hierochloe

alpina , Arctagrostis latifolia , Luzula confusa , Pedicularis hirsuta , Parrya

nudicaulis , and others. Dwarf shrubs are rare and low-growing, as the snow

cover is shallow. Among them predominate Betula nana , Salix rotundifolia ,

Empetrum , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus , V. uliginosum , and Arctostaphylus

alpina . In the west, Cladonia -moss tundra occurs intermingled with the

Cladonia tundra, and also a hillock tundra with Alectoria societies on the

almost barren tops of the hillocks and Cladonia societies at the base.

        The moss tundra has a wide distribution on clayish or peaty soil and

is especially common in the southern part of the lichen-moss tundra zone.

The bottom layer consists of mosses mixed with some lichens. Representative

species are Aulacomnium palustre , A. turgidum , Dicranum angustum , Hylocomium

051      |      Vol_VI-0380                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

proliferum ( splendens ), Polytrichum stricutum , Ptilidium ciliare , and the

lichens Cetraria cucullata , Cladonia gracilis , C. sylvatica , and Peltigera

aphtosa . Vascular plants are Calamagrostis neglecta borealis , Festuca supina ,

Empetrum , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus , Petasites frigidus , and others, the

height of which depends on the depth of the snow cover.

        Peat bogs or mires with a continuous peat cover are lacking or very poorly

developed within the area of the permanently frozen soil. They occur, however,

in the southern part of the lichen-moss tundra zone, where they are shallow,

at most 4 6 meters deep. The peat is perpetually frozen and does not

increase. In Europe, peat bogs reach the coast of the Arctic Sea and they

occur in the southern part of the zone to the Yenisei. Farther east they do

not enter into the tundra zone. Thus in the Arctic they are confined to the

border of the permanently frozen ground. Those found farther to the north

are probably relicts from a warmer period. While the peat bogs in the wood

tundra and in the shrub zone are characterized by large hillocks 4 to 8 meters

high, the more northern ones in districts where the soil thaws only superfi–

cially have very low hillocks only 0.5 to 0.7 meter high. The northern mires

also have a poorer vegetation and are very shallow, only 0.5 to 1 meter deep.

Sphagnum plays a less prominent part, and the peat consists of other mosses.

Lichens of a more arctic type such as Cetraria cucullata and C. nivalis pre–

dominate. The dwarf shrubs are few and chiefly comprise Betula nana , Vac –

cinium , and Ledum .

        Between the hillocks occur Sphagnum balticum , S. fimbriatum , S. lindbergii ,

Calliergon cordifolium , C. sarmentosum , Drepanocladus exannulatus , D. vernico –

sus , Polytrichum jensenii , and others. Scattered specimens of Eriophorum

052      |      Vol_VI-0381                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

vaginatum , E. russeolum , Carex aquatilis stans , C. rariflora , and C. rotundata

are found in this moss mat.

        East of the Lena River, in spite of the lower precipitation, a wet muddy

Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra with Sphagnum is formed and replaces the

moss tundra and the mires of the west. The reason for this is unclear. This

tussock tundra thaws to a depth of 0.5 to 1 meter in summertime. Circular

spots lacking vegetation and covered with ground-water form around the tus–

socks — a very characteristic feature of the tussock tundra. In Europe and

western Siberia such tussock tundras are lacking in the north; some occur in

the southern part of the lichen-moss tundra zone, but they are more common

still farther south. East of the Lena and especially in the Chukotsk Penin–

sula, the Anadyr and Penzhina regions they form a special tussock tundra zone.

The tussocks cover 30 to 50% of the surface. They consist of Eriophorum

vaginatum 30 to 50 cm. high.

        East of the Indigirka, Carex lugens takes part in the tussock formation,

especially in the forest tundra. The peat, which is shallow — usually 15 to

20 cm. deep only — is mostly composed of Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex lugens .

The mosses and lichens sometimes vary widely, as Sphagnum lenense , S. balticum ,

and S. Warnstorffianum ( Warnstorfii ), occur in Europe and western Siberia, but

in other places Aulocomnium turgidum , Dicranum elongatum , Polytrichum jensenii ,

P. strictum predominate, and still elsewhere lichens such as Cetmaria cucullata ,

C. crispa , Cladonia rangiferina , and others are found in the ground layer. Vas–

cular plants are Betula nana (or nana exilis ) Ledum , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus ,

and a few others. The snow cover reaches to about the top of the tussocks.

        Where the snowdrifts are deep and remain long, grass meadows are formed with

053      |      Vol_VI-0382                                                                                                                  
EA- [ ?] PS . Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

a close mat of vegetation. Their species content is very variable in the

different parts of the tundra zone, as many plants with a restricted dis–

tribution occur among them. The following species are often found in the

tundra meadows.

Poa alpigena	Draba glacialis
Carex lachenalii	Draba hirta
Oxyria digyna	Saxifraga cernua
Polygonum bistorta	Pachypleurum alpinum
Ranunculus nivalis	Valeriana capitata

        The dwarf shrubs are suppressed by the long-lasting snow cover, but

some of them occur also in the meadows, mostly along their margins, such as

Salix herbacea , S. lanata , S. pulchra , S. reptans in the west, and Salix

chamissonis , Alnus crispa , Spiraea beauverdiana , and Rhododendron chrysanthum

in the east.

        While meadows prevail at the base of slopes, another plant community with

continuous plant mats occurs at the upper, less snow-covered, parts of dry

slopes. It is related to the meadows and transgresses into them. These xero–

phytic flower mats consist of Dryas, Empetrum, Equisetum arvense, Lloydia

serotina, Salix reticulata, Polygonum viviparum Trollius europeus ( asiaticus

to the east), Thalictrum alpinum, Sedum rhodiola, Hedysarum obscurum, Oxytropis

campestris sordida, Geranium silvaticum, Pedicularis oederi, Taraxacum species,

and other. In the bottom layer Hylocomium proliferum ( splendens ), Rytidium

rugosum , Thuidium abietinum , and also Cetraria islandica , and Cladonia occur.

        Ponds and lakes thaw late in the lichen-moss tundra zone and the water

remains cold throughout the summer. They are therefore practically destitute

of vascular plants.

054      |      Vol_VI-0383                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        On the sea beach in the Chukotsk Peninsula, Elymus europeus mollis is

present in sandy places. Senecio pseudo-arnica, Honckenya peploides, and Merckia physodes are also found there.

        Shrub Tundra Zone . South of the lichen-moss tundra zone comes the shrub

tundra, the southern limit of which is the arctic timber line. It is char–

acterized by deeply thawing soil and by an abundance of shrubs in the moss

tundra, mires, bogs, and meadows. It stretches from northern Kola Peninsula

over southern Kanin Peninsula, lower Pechora River, the northern Urals, middle

Taz Bay, lower Yenisei, and Khatanga rivers to lower Olenek River. There

it is interrupted by mountains and continues from lower Yana River to lower

Kolyma River. Most of the area between Anadyr River and the Gizhiga and northern

Kamchatka also belongs to this zone, but it is not reckoned here as belong–

ing to the Arctic.

        Polygon tundra, moss tundra, mires, Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra,

shrub thickets, and meadows constitute the main vegetational types.

        The polygon tundra stretches throughout the zone but has poorer species

content and more dwarf shrubs than in the more northerly tundra zones. Patches

of Dryas tundra occur intermingled with it.

        The shrub-covered moss tundras with Betula nana and Ledum and wet

plant communities occupy by far the largest area of the shrub tundra zone.

Besides Betula nana ( exilis ) and Ledum , Salix glauca , S. pulchra , Vaccinium

vitis - idaea minus , and V. uliginosum occur in the moss tundra. The shrubs

cover 50 to 60% of the area but are more scattered eastward. In the grass

layer are frequently found Carex bigelowii , Festuca supina , Empetrum , and

Petasites frigidus . In the southernmost part of the zone, forest plants that are

055      |      Vol_VI-0384                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

otherwise alien to the Arctic, such as Lycopodium annotinum , Carex globu –

lari s, Delphinium elatum , Geum rivale , Angelica decurrens , Myosotis al –

pestris , and Circium heterophyllum , occur in the moss tundra. In the bottom

layer mosses and lichens occur, mostly in patches with wet open soil between

them, viz., Dicranum elongatum , Drepanocladus uncinatus , Polytrichum strictum ,

Sphagnum compactum , Gymnocolea inflata , Cetraria islandica , C. nivalis ,

Cladonia gracilis , C. silvatica , and, especially in the southernmost part,

Nephroma arctica . The shrubs increase in size southward. At the arctic

tree line Betula nana reaches a height of about 50 cm. No such shrubby moss

tundra occurs east of the Lena River.

        The mires are shallow and are composed of Sphagnum lenense , S. squar –

rosum , and S. subsecundum and other mosses, but not Sphagnum fuscum or

S. medium ( magellanicum ) as in more southerly bogs. Bogs with hillocks more

than 2 meter high are common in the southern tundra forests (except in

central Siberia), where permanently frozen soil occurs only in patches, but

they are rarely found in the shrub tundra zone except west of Pechora. The

peat bogs with hillocks in arctic European Russia occur preferably in closed

basins. They are covered with deep snow in wintertime and with melting water

in springtime. The hillocks are dome-shaped or else elongated, with a center

of mineral earth. The peat on the top of the hillocks consists of Sphagna ,

Dicranum congestum , D. elongatum , and Polytrichum strictum , which in a later

stage of development are replaced by Ochrolechia tartares , Pertusariae and

stunted individuals of Cladonia deformis and Cetraria nivalis .

        On the slopes of the hillocks are found Sphagnum angustifolium , S. medium

( megellanicum ), S. fuscum , green mosses, Cetraria cucullata , C. islandica ,

C. nivalis , Cladonia rangiferna , Eriphorum vaginatum , Betula nana , Rubus

055a      |      Vol_VI-0385                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

chamaemorus , Empetrum , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus , V. uliginosum , and

others. In the wet places between the hillocks a society containing

Sphagnum balticum , S. lindbergii , Calliergon cordofolium , C. stramineum ,

Drepanoclodus exannulatus , and Paludella squarrosa occurs, with Carex

aquatilis , C. chordorrhiza , C. limosa , C. rariflora , C. rotundata , Erio –

phorum angustifolium , and Andromeda polifolia in the grass layer.

        In ponds and lakes, especially in the southern part of the zone, are

found Sparganium hyperboreum , Potamogeton alpinus , P. natans , and Hippuris

vulgaris . The ponds develop into mires chiefly owing to the growth of

Arctophila fulva , Carex aquatilis stans , Eriophorum augustifolium , Hippuris ,

Ranunculus pallasii , Drepanocladus , and Calliergon , and not, as in the case

of the forest tundra, through the growth of Sphagnum .

        The Eriphorum tussock tundra described above frequently occurs in the

shrub tundra zone. To the south, especially in the forest tundra, it has

a Sphagnum facies.

        The shrubs in the tundra shrub zone differ from those in the lichen–

moss tundra zone in the stronger development of their branches. They occur

especially on muddy soil and on the lower parts of the slopes where the snow

cover is deep. Their roots do not go deep into the cold soil and they are

therefore easy to root up. In the neighborhood of human habitation, there–

fore, they are often lacking as they have been used for fuel. The domesticated

reindeer, which are especially common on the Molozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya

tundras, feed on the shrubs and destroy them to a large extent. The shrub

vegetation is then replaced by grassland. Salix myrsinites is considered to

be especially favored by reindeer grazing, as it is avoided by the animals.

056      |      Vol_VI-0386                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        The shrubs are 1/2 to 1 meter high in the northern part of the shrub

tundra zone, but 1 1/2 to 3 meters in its southern part. The ground ice

thaws to a depth of 1 to 2 meters beneath the shrubs but usually to a depth

of only 40 to 50 cm. in the surrounding moss tundra. In the western part

of the shrub tundra zone the following species predominate in muddy soil:

Betula nana , Salix glauca , S. lanata , S. lapponum , S. phylicifolia , S. pulchra ,

and S. reptans . In sandy soil Betula nana , with Cladonia sylvatica and

C. amauracea in the bottom layer, predominates on Kola Peninsula and in

European Russia, but is less common on the continental tundras of Siberia.

In Anadyr and Penzhina, Betula nana exilis replaces B. nana and Betula midden –

dorffii and Alnus crispa the Salix shrubs. Alnus crispa enters into the shrub

tundra zone on Bolshezemelskay tundra and eastward, and occurs in narrow

strips along the river valleys. The ground layer in the tundra shrub forma–

tion is formed by mosses such as Aulacomnium palustre , A. turgidum , Drepano –

cladus uncinatus , Hylocomium proliferum ( splendens ), Mnium rugicum , Polytrichum

strictum , and, in the southernmost part, Polytrichum commune , Sphagnum girgen –

sohnii , and S. squarrosum . Lichens are poorly developed on account of the

deep shade. Cetraria islandica , Cladonia gracilis , Nephroma arctica , Peltigera

aphtosa , and others are, however, found.

        Forest Tundra . The tundras south of the northernmost trees, the forest

tundra, are here not included in the Arctic. They form a rather broad belt

where the tundra formations predominate with single, often palelike, nearly

branchless trees or groups of trees scattered here and there. The forest

tundra transgresses almost continuously into open woods, and the arctic forest

line is often somewhat arbitrary. In European Russia the forest tundra zone

057      |      Vol_VI-0387                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

is about 100 km. wide, but narrows to the eastward. The plant communities

of the woods are found there mixed with those of the shrub tundra. Betula

nana , Empetrum , Ledum , Vaccinium , and Salix dominate in the shrub layer.

        The last trees are in Kola Peninsula: Scotch pine ( Pinus silvestris )

and in some places spruce ( Picea abies obovata ). North of the limit of the

conifers is a brushwood belt of Betula tortuosa . East of Kola Peninsula the

pine retreats southward when it meets the perpetually frozen soil. Its long

central polelike root makes it very poorly adaptable to the shallow earth

of the permafrost districts. On Bolshezemelskaya tundra, spruce, which has

a flat root system, forms the timber line. From the Urals to the upper

Anadyr River (Markovo) the last trees are larch, west of the Yenisei Larix

sibirica , and east of that river L. dahurica .

        The larch is especially well adapted to frozen soil as it has a falt

root system. In the Urals the buds of the larch burst while there is still

a thick layer of snow remaining under the trees. In this [way ?] the period of

vegetation is prolonged.

        The timber line has not always been the same. Finds of dead trunks far

north of the present timber line show that in a warmer period trees grew

farther northward than they do now. In Kanin Peninsula Ramsey found remains

of spruce in more northerly situations than where it is found now. In the

Molozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundras, logs of larch, birch, and spruce

are found up to the very shore of the Arctic Sea. In the Gydan tundra,

Gorodkov found birch remains 300 km. north of the present forest line; at

the lower Yenisei fossil larch occurs up to 70° N. In northern Taimyr,

Urvantsev found fossil larch, but it is possible that it had been carried

058      |      Vol_VI-0388                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

to that place by a river. In the Anabar tundra are fossil larches,

doubtless in situ . As the patches of wood in the forest tundra often de–

pauperate, it seems probable that the timber line is still receding. In

a warmer period southern plants may have been distributed farther north than

they occur now. Such “steppe plants,” probably relicts from a warmer period

are still found in the tundra woods, plants such as Carex supina , Arenaria

graminifolia , Cerastium maximum , Lychnis sibirica , Sisymbriu m , junceum ,

Erysimum hieracifolium , Galium verum . Many of the mosses and lichens of

the tundra zone are characteristic forest species and may be expected to

be relicts from a period when the forests reached farther northward than

they do now.

       

Vegetation of Different Geographical Provinces

        Kola Peninsula was investigated by several Russian, Finnish, and Scan–

dinavian botanists, among them Kihlman in 1887, Regel 1913, and Zinserling

in 1931. The author visited the north coast of Kola Peninsula in 1926.

        The vegetation in Kola Peninsula is to a certain extent analogous to

that of the Anadyr-Penzhina district. In both places the alpine zone of

the nearby mountains goes down to sea level and a subalpine shrub-brushwood

zone is inserted between this alpine zone and the conifer woods. In other

parts of the Arctic such a brushwood zone is lacking (with the possible

exception of the Urals) and the shrub tundra borders the woods. Kola is

a hilly tableland and the zones are therefore more schematical there, while

in the Far East a more complicated topography, with mountain chains and

valleys, makes the zonation of the vegetation more complicated.

059      |      Vol_VI-0389                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        The phytogeographical interpretation of this alpine zone at sea level

is not quite clear, but it seems difficult to find any essential difference

between it and the flat tundras of the Arctic. In any case a narrow strip

of the Kola Peninsula north of the brushwood of Betula tortuosa must be re–

garded as belonging to the Arctic. Permanently frozen soil is very rare

in the forest zone of the peninsula but occurs, although not continuously,

over large areas, especially in peatbogs, which do not thaw deeper than 40

to 50 cm. Bogs with large hillocks characteristic of the border line of

frozen soil occur frequently in the birch belt. At Cape Orlov the soil was

frozen to a depth of 10 cm. in the middle of June and to about 20 cm. in the

middle of July, when the author visited that place.

        North of the timber line, which consists of pine, in some places replaced

by spruce, a 60 to 100-k. -broad belt of Betula tortuosa is found, which in

the river valleys reaches nearly to the Arctic Sea. The birches are 2 to 3

meters high at the shore, but 3 to 5 meters farther inland. Single spruces

occur here and there in the birch belt. The lower layer within the birch

belt is very variable; Polytrichum , Sphagnum , or Cornus suecica undergrowth

occur. On the divides and between the river valleys a Cladonia tundra pre–

dominates. In the tundra meadows grow Nardus stricta , Salix herbacea , Sib –

baldia procumbens , Viola biflora , and Gnaphalium supinum. Juniperus communis

is common north to the Arctic coast. Kihlman counted the annual rings of a

trunk of Juniperus 8.3 cm. thick and found the tree to be 544 years old.

coast of Kola Peninsula.

060      |      Vol_VI-0390                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        Kanin Peninsula was investigated botanically by Ruprecht in 1841,

by Pohle (1898-99) and by Andreev (1930, 1931). The mountains of the penin [ ?] –

sula do not exceed 200 meters. The northern part belongs to the lichen-moss

tundra zone. Real moss tundra is lacking and is replaced by a mixed lichen–

moss tundra with low hillocks, covered with Deschampsia alpina , Carex bigelowii ,

Betula nana , Empetrum , Salix glauca , S. herbacea , Polygonum bistorta , Arcto –

staphylus alpina , and Vaccinium vitis - idaea . The hillocks are about 75 cm.

high and about 2 meters in diameter and cover about 15% of the surface. Mires

containing Eriophorum angustifolium and E. scheuchzeri are common, and a Carex

rariflora community covers large areas. On the slopes shrubs such as Salix

glauca , S. lanata , and S. myrsinites with Calamagrostis are common. In Andreev

(1931) a fairly detailed account is given of the different small sociological

units.

        The southern part of the Kanin Peninsula belongs to the shrub tundra zone.

Picea abies obovata , Alnus crispa , and Betula tortuosa occur on the eastern

coast in patches to the Pesh River, close to its mouth, and to within about

25 km. of the mouth of the Vizhas River. In southwestern Kanin patches of

Picea abies obovata about 15 cm. high and 50 cm. in diameter occur at Cape

Konushin. There are a few forest species in Kanin, as Veratrum album lobeli –

anum , Rumex aquaticus , Dianthus superbus , Polemonium acutiflorum , Veronica

longifolia , Pedicularis sceptrum - carelinum , Achillaea millefolium , and

Solidago virgaurea , some species even reaching northern Kanin, e.g., Parnassia

palustris , Filipendula ulmaria , and Geum rivale . They are probably relicts

from a warmer period, when the woods extended farther northward.

        Dunes with Elymus and Matricaria ambigua are found at the mouths of the

061      |      Vol_VI-0391                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

rivers. The mead ows along the seashore are often 7 to 8 km. broad. They

are marshy, with abundant Carex subspathacea . Their peat is used as fuel.

        Molozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya Tundras . These districts were

investigated in 1837 [ ?]by Schrenk, by Sambuk and Dedov in 1926-29, and by

Andreev in 1930.

        Whereas on the Kola Peninsula the pine and the spruce grow equally

far to the north, east of the White Sea, the fir goes at least 1/2° farther

northward than the pine. The Timan Mountains do not enter into the Arctic.

        Only the eastern part of the Timan coast from about 50° E. and a nar–

row strip along the coast of Bolshevemelskaya tundra belongs to the lichen–

moss tundra belt. South of this strip is found the shrub tundra, with Betula

nana prevailing. This shrub belt is about 50 km. broad in the west but widens

eastward to about 150 km. close to the Urals. At the mouth of the Pechora

dense thickets of Salix pyrolifolia 1.5 meters high are found in the river

valley. Alluvial meadows and sand dunes are also found there. On the Timan

tundra and in the southern part of Molozemelskaya tundra many peat bogs with

large hillocks are found. On Bolshezemelskaya tundra deep peat bogs, un–

doubtedly relicts from a warmer period, occur. The Cladonia on the lichen

tundra is badly damaged by the numerous reindeer, whose grazing favor Stereo –

caulon , Sphaerophorus globosus , and Festuca supina . On Molozemelskaya tundra

southern species such as Anthoxantum odoratum , Solidago virgaurea , and Hiera –

cium of the alpinum group occur and on Bolshezemelskaya tundra grow Poa alpina ,

Polygonum viviparum , Veratrum album lobeliamu m, Ranunculus acris borealis ,

Geranium silvaticum , and Achillaea millefolium. Alnus crispa , which forms a

subalpine belt in the Urals, occurs here in the lowlands along the river

valley westward to the base of Kanin Peninsula. The northernmost trees are

spruce trees.

062      |      Vol_VI-0392                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        Andreev (1932) describes a large number of plant communities from the

Bolshezemelskaya tundra.

        Kolguev Island was investigated botanically by Ruprecht in 1841, by

Pohle, and by Tolmachev (1929).

        The entire island belongs to the lichen-moss tundra zone. It is a

round moraine island about 60 km. in diameter, with steep shores 40 to 50

meters high. The flora comprises about 200 species. Several of them do

not occur on the opposite mainland or farther to the east. This is doubt–

less due to the influence of the warm water of the Gulf Stream. Mean tempera–

ture in July is 8°C.; fogs are frequent in summer. Some of the southern

species, such as Geranium silvaticum , Delphinium elatum , and Salix arbuscula ,

occur only in the southern part of the island. Otherwise the northern part

of the island has a richer vegetation, with meadows containing T r ollius europeus,

Veronica longifolia , and Geum rivale. Salix nummularia and Silene acaulis are,

besides Dryas , the most common plants in dry places in the northern part. A

wet tundra containing Eriophorum angustifolium , E. scheuchzeri , Carex big –

elowii , C. rariflora , Dupontia fischeri , Arctagrostis latifolia , and Petasites

frigidus is common on all plains. In wet places Carex aquatilis , Colpodium

fulum , and Caltha palustris occur. Eriophorum vaginatum , Rubus chamaemorus ,

Betula nana tundra is common. Salix glauca shrubs occur in abundance. In

sheltered places are found Salix hastata , S. herbacea , S. lanata (predominating),

Ranunculus borealis , Alchemilla glomerulans , A. murbeckiana , Oxytropis cam –

pestris sordida , G entiana verna , Myosotis alpestris , Valeriana capitata , and

Senecio campestris . Along the coasts are found Cochlearia and Matricaria

ambigua , and in the salt marshes Puccinellia vilfoidea , Carex subspathacea ,

and Stellaria humifusa .

063      |      Vol_VI-0393                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        Polar Urals . In the Polar Urals, the Pai-khoy Mountains are not very

well known botanically. The first information was brought back by Ruprecht

in 1848. Gorodkov investigated the Sob River (1924), Sochava the Liapina

River (1926-27) and Andreev, Igoshina, and Keskov the eastern slopes from

Obdorsk to Baidaratskaya (Kara) Bay (1935). These investigations mostly

concern the southern part of the area.

        The p P ai-khoy Mountains fall within the lichen-moss tundra zone, only the

shores of Yugor Shar can be regarded as belonging to the high-arctic tundra.

The shrub tundra zone is replaced by the subalpine belt. Above the forests,

which consist of larch and to a certain extent of Picea abies obovata with

the mosses Betula nana or Salix shrubs as undergrowth, stretches the subal–

pine belt. It consists on the Asiatic side of Alnus crispa and Betula tor –

tuosa with grass undergrowth. In the alpine zone barren screes predominate

and snow fields occur on the summits. At Sob River the forests reach up to

200 meters, and single larch trees extend to 300 meters within the subalpine

Alnus belt. The Alnus thickets gradually diminish in height the farther up

they grow. Their upper limit is about 350 meters; farther northward and west–

ward the limit is lower. Single crippled low shrubs of Alnus grow at an

elevation considerably above 350 meters. The Alnus belt reaches close to the

southwestern shore of Baidaratskaya (Kara) Bay, where it borders the arctic

lichen-moss tundra. Alnus does not thrive on olivine, a common mineral in the

northeastern Urals. There it is replaced by Betula tortuosa and Juniperus

sibirica with single larch trees.

        In places where snow persists long in the Alnus belt, and in gullies

along the brooks, there are meadows with high thickets of Salix lanata , S. has –

tata , and S. phylicifolia .

064      |      Vol_VI-0394                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        In the lower alpine zone moss societies predominate. A Rhacomitrium

tundra with R. hypnoides ( lanuginosum ) is especially common on olivine.

Lichens are rare in the Rhacomitrium tundra, but Salix shrubs occur. The

rocks are often red with Trentepholia jolithus . Above 500 meters in the

mountains the moss associations are much torn up by water erosion, and

Alectoria tundra with Cornicularia divergens predominates on the poorly

snow-covered summits, as in the high-arctic flat tundra. At elevations

over 500 meters only small groups of lichen and moss tundra occur between

the rocks, even on flat tops.

        The vegetation of the Polar Urals is much destroyed by the grazing of

the reindeer. Only steep places are unaffected by the grazing.

        Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach . Novaya Zemlya has been more thoroughly in–

vestigated botanically than any other part of the Russian arctic, possibly

with the exception of Kola Peninsula. The first botanical investigations

were made by von Baer and Ziwolka in 1837 and by Middendorff in 1870, both

published by Trautvetter. Later many botanists collected on Novaya Zemlya,

among whom may be mentioned the Nordenskiőld expedition in 1875 and in 1878

with Kjellman, Lundstrőm, and Almquist as botanists, the British Markham

expedition in 1879, Ekstam in 1891 and 1895, the British Pearson-Feilden

expedition in 1895, the Russian Ermak expedition in 1901 published by Palibin

(1903-06), the French officer B e é nard in 1908 and 1914, the Norwegian expedi–

tion with Lynge as botanist (1929), A. Tolmachev in 1923-27, and lastly

Zubkov (1930). Although members of the B e é nard expedition crossed the

island, which is about 100 km. broad, its interior is still unknown botan–

ically. The mountains certainly to a great extent lack vegetation even in

the south.

065      |      Vol_VI-0395                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        The mountainous and glacier-filled north island of Novaya Zemlya belongs

to the snow zone with the exception [ ?] of the southernmost part along Matochkin

Shar. All the rest of it belongs to the high-arctic tundra zone.

        At Matochkin Shar the first signs of spring can be noted in the middle

of April, according to Tolmachev, but it is not until the end of May that

the shoots of the earlier species begin to grow. These are Poa abbreviata ,

Minuartia rubella , Papaver radicatum , Saxifraga groenlandica , S. nivalis ,

and Potentilla hyparctica . On the 8th of June was seen the first flower of

the earliest plant, Saxifraga oppositifolia , and by the end of June many

plants were flowering.

        On the south island polygon tundra, with cracks due to the coastal climate,

is rare. Large areas with muddy and stony soil have a relief recalling that

of the northern peat bogs, with flat hillocks about 40 cm. high and about 10

meters in diameter, but Sphagnum is lacking. They are covered with Cladonia –

moss- Salix polaris communities containing such herbs as Arctagrostis latifolia ,

Carex bigelowii , Luzula confusa , Cerastium regelii , Silene acaulis , Saxifraga

hieracifolia , and Dryas .

        The vegetation of the western coast is richer than that of the eastern.

On the eastern (Kara) coast only about 130 vascular plants are known, which

is about 60 less than on the western. The plants also extend farther north–

ward on the western coast than on the eastern. A few Siberian species, how–

ever, occur only on the eastern coast, such as Minuartia macrocarpa , Hesperis

pallasii , and Lagotis .

        Tolmachev differentiates one coastal and one inner zone of vegetation at

the eastern entrance to Matchkin Shar. The coastal zone is 5 to 6 km. broad

066      |      Vol_VI-0396                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

and is characterized by abundant Luzula confusa and Hesperis pallasii .

Luzula diminishes in the interior and is replaced by Dryas , and Hesparis

is absent there.

        Together with Salix arctica and S. polaris , Dryas plays a large part

in the vegetation in places with an even snow cover. There are also found

Poa arctica , Carex rupestris , Silene acaulis , Draba nivalis , Saxifraga

nivalis , Oxytropis campestris sordida , Myosotis alpestris , Eritrichium

villosum , Campanula uniflora , Taraxacum platylepium , and others.

        The mires occupy smaller areas than the society described above. They

contain Eriophorum angustifolium , E. scheuchzeri , Arctagrostis latifolia ,

Dupontia fischeri , Pleuropogon sabinei , Deschampsia alpina , Carex b [ ?] elowii ,

C. misandra , Juncus biglumis , Polygonum viviparum , and Caltha palustris .

Mosses play a minor part in them.

        In the large river valley the vegetation is more closed than on the

divides. On well-drained slopes arctic flower mats are found containing

such species as Poa alpigena , Trisetum spicatum , Polygonum viviparum , Silene

acaulis , Astragalus alpinus arcticus , Thalictrum alpinum , Ranunculus acris

borealis, Saxifraga hieracifolia , Potentilla emarginata , Polemonius boreale ,

and Artemisia tilesii .

        Both shallow snow cover and very deep snow cover result in areas of open

earth, and close to the snow fields all vegetation is lacking. In places

that become free from snow early Poa abbreviate , Papaver radicatum Draba

subcapitata , Saxifraga oppositifolia , and Potentilla hyparctica predominate.

Po a , Papaver , and Potentilla form a community alternating with Saxifraga

oppositifolia .

067      |      Vol_VI-0397                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

        The water plants comprise Puccinellia phryganodes , Pleuropogon sabinei ,

Phippsia algida , Caltha palustris , and Ranunculus hyperboreus .

        A fairly detailed description of the vegetation of the south island

of Novaya Zemlya is given by Zubkov (1932).

        Vaigach has a similar flora and vegetation to those of Novaya Zemlya.

A few plants reach Vaigach but not Novaya Zemlya, such as Elymus arenarium ,

Veratrum album lobelianum , Allium schoenorasum , Polygonum bistorta , Trollius

asiaticus , Parnassia palustris , Rubus arcticus , Viola biflora , Epilobium

dahuricum , Cortusa matthioli , Achillaea millefolium , and Chrysanthemum bi –

pinnatum .

        Franz Josef Land . The flora of Franz Josef Land belonging to the snow

zone is known from brief notes in the reports of several expeditions visiting

this archipelago. The first records come from Payer, a member of the Austro–

Hungarian expedition of 1873-74. More information was supplied by Fischer,

a member of the Jackson-Harnsworth expedition 1894-97, by the Yermak expedi–

tion in 1901, and by the Norwegian expedition in 1930. Thirty-six vascular

plants are known from the archipelago. The vegetation is extremely scanty

with only a few specimens represented by a few individuals in each small

place free of ice. No seashore plants occur. The only place in which the

vegetation is somewhat richer is at the base of the bird cliffs. The follow–

ing plants reach their northern limit in Franz Josef Land, which extends to

82° N.: Phippsia concinna , Cerastium hyperboreum , C. regelii , Saxifraga

rivularis , S. foliolosa , S. nivalis tanuis .

        Ya l mal and the West Siberian Lowlands . This district is very little

known botanically. Northern Ya l mal was visited by Kjellman during the Vega

068      |      Vol_VI-0398                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

expedition (1878). Andreev (1933) gives a review of the vegetation of Yalmal,

dealing chiefly with its value as reindeer food.

        The northern half of Ya l mal belongs to the high-arctic tundra zone; the

lichen-moss tundra stretches nearly to the base of the peninsula, and the

shrub tundra nearly to the mouth of the Ob River, where the northernmost

trees occur. The peninsula between Ob Bay and Taz Bay belongs to the shrub

tundra, with the exception of the northernmost rim. The trees meet at about

the Arctic Circle. In the high-arctic zone polygon tundra and Carex bogs are

common. In the lichen-moss tundra zone moss tundras containing Aulacomnium

turgidum , Dicranum elongatum , Polytrichum strictum , Ptilium ciliare , though

few Sphagna , S. acutifolium , ( S. nemoreum ), S. compactum , and lichens, occupy

large areas. Low Salix shrubs occur in the river valleys. In swampy places a

wet tundra with low hillocks and Betula nana is common.

        Gydan Tundra and Mouth of the Yenisei . The Gydan tundra was investigated

by A. Tolmachev (1926) and by Gorodkov (1927), the lower Yenisei was visited by

several botanists, among whom may be mentioned Schmidt in 1866, Lundstrőm (1875),

Arnell (1876), Brenner (1876), Kjellman (1878), Reverdatto (1912), and A. Tol–

machev (1926-30). Approximately north of 72° the high-arctic tundra prevails,

and the lichen-moss tundra extends from there to about 70°.

        Along the Yenisei the forest stops at Dudinka, 69° 23′ N. latitude. It

consists of Picea abies obovata. Pinus cembra sibirica , Abies sibirica , Betula

pubescens , B. tortuosa , and, in places, Larix sibirica. Abies sibirica forms

thickets rarely exceeding 2 meters in height, with Ledum and Vaccinium in the

bottom layer. Alnus thickets are also common along rivers.

        North of Dudinka, Alnus thickets and Salix shrubs prevail, with single

069      |      Vol_VI-0399                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

larch trees among them. North of Ust Yeniseisk, at 69° 39′, only a few

larch trees are found in sheltered ravines. The Salix lanata shrubs about

2 meters high, sometimes mixed with Alnus , form almost impenetrable thickets,

often bordered by lower Salix glauca shrubs. Betula nana abounds on the

wet tundra. Eriophorum angustifolium , Rubus chamaemorus , Ledum , and Vac –

cinium uliginosum are also common components. Here is also a form of Dryas

tundra with Salix rotundifolia , Minuartia arctica , M. macrocarpa , and Pedi –

cularis capitata. Close to the shore of the Yenisei a drier type of polygon

tundra and Dryas tundra occurs.

        On the slopes down to the great river grow Equisetum arvense , Melandrium

furcatum , Androsace septentrionalis , Castilleja pallida elegans , Erigeron

eriocephalus , Artemisia tilesii , and others.

        On the sand banks at the mouth of the Yenisei are found Salix reptans ,

Polygonum laxmannii , P. viviparum , Astragalus alpinus , Matricaria ambigua ,

and other species. The last Alnus thickets are found a little north of 70°,

but Salix thickets extend considerably farther north.

        The islands in Yenisei Bay, Minin (Olenii), Sibiriakov, and Dickson,

were investigated by Kjellman and Tolmachev. Sibiriakov Island is almost

in its entirety a monotonous swamp tundra, with Eriophorum angustifolium ,

E. scheuchzeri , Dupontia fischeri , Arctagrostis latifolia , Luzula confusa ,

Poa arctica , and Calamagrostis neglecta borealis , and, in wettish places,

Ranunculus pallasii and R. hyperboreus . On the seashore Puccinellia phry –

ganodes , Carex subspathacea , and Stellaria humifusa occur.

        Dickson Island and N M inin Island are covered with wet polygon tundra.

On the west coast of Dickson Island there is a drier rock tundra with

070      |      Vol_VI-0400                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

Alopecurus alpinus , Deschampsia alpina , Luzula confusa , Salix polaris ,

Draba , Saxifraga oppositifolia , and Sieversia glacialis .

        The Gydan tundra is covered with more or less wet polygon tundra,

Dryas tundra, moss and lichen tundra.

        Taimyr Peninsula was first investigated botanically by Middendorff in

1843. He crossed the central part and proceeded to the Kara Sea. During

the Vega expedition in 1878, Kjellman botanized at Cape Minin, Cape Chelyus–

kin, and at Preobrazhenie Island. In 1918-25 the Norwegian North Polar

expedition with the Maud visited several places on the coast. In 1928

Tolmachev investigated the area south of Lake Taimyr, the largest Lake in

the Eurasiatic Arctic.

        The part north of a line from about 71° N. at the Yenisei, south of

Lake Taimyr, to the mouth of Khatanga River belongs to the high-arctic zone,

through which run the 800 to 900-meter high, botanically almost unknown,

Byrranga Mountains. Probably their slopes are for the most part without

vegetation. [ ?]Polygon tundra and Dryas tundra are the most conspicuous

vegetational types. Dryas tundra is especially common in the interior.

        South of the high-arctic tundras there is a belt of lichen-moss tundras

100 to 200 km. broad, and still farther south a shrub tundra belt 50 to

150 km. broad is found, with a narrow (less than 50 km. borad) strip of

forest tundra south of it.

        A larch with a trunk 120 to 230 cm. high was found by Tolmachev at

Novoi River, a tributary of the Khatanga River, 72° 40′ N. latitude. At

72° 12′ N., on the Khatanga the larches are 6 to 8 meters high and often

30 cm. thick.

071      |      Vol_VI-0401                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        Probably single larches grow a few minutes farther north to the

east of the Khatanga River. These trees and forests are the most northerly

on earth.

        The timber line to the west of Piasina River is composed of Larix

sibirica , and to the east of that river of L. dahurica . See map fig.

Between the Piasina and the Khatanga the boundary of the forest is well

marked. Low espalier larches penetrate 10 to 12 km. north of it. Larix

sibirica seems to be receding while L. dahurica seems to move forward.

Betula tortuosa and Picea abies obovata extend eastward to Norilsk but

they are lacking in the Khatanga basin. At Norilsk and east of Khatanga

the shrub tundra borders the mountains. The n N orilsk Mountains have a vege–

tation similar to that of the northern Urals, with single larch trees on

the plain and in the lower valleys, a subalpina belt of Alnus crispa and

Salix shrubs above this lichen-moss tundras, and lastly rock screes with

lichens on the summits. The vegetation of the mountains south of the

Khatanga mouth is unknown. There is, no doubt, a belt of Alnus there too.

        Anabar Tundra . The Anabar region was investigated by Toll in 1893, by

I. P. Tolmachev in 1905, and by Sochava and Efimov in 1932.

        The Anabar tundra is a mesozoic plain covered with innumerable small

lakes, mostly less than 800 meters across.

        Sochava has given a very detailed review of its phytogeographcal con–

ditions, with descriptions of all plant communities. Anabar, which until

recently was one of the phytogeographically least known parts of the Arctic,

is now particularly well known. Sochava described 76 different associations,

of which 37 are from the high-arctic tundra and the lichen tundra.

072      |      Vol_VI-0402                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

        In the high-arctic zone along the arctic shore (north of the 7° isotherm

for July) the soil thaws down only to 25 to 35 cm. The precipitation is lower

and the winds less strong than in the same zone farther west. Dryas octo–

petala punctata is the most characteristic plant in the entire zone, having

the widest ecological amplitude, from rocks to swamps and from [ ?] muck to sandy

soil.

        Sphagnum ( S. girgensohnii , S. squarrosum , S. teres ) is a floristic

rarity, A Dryas tundra containing Cetraria cucullata , Hierochloe alpina,

Carex rupestris , Diapensia , and Cassiope occupies the largest areas. Lichen

tundra with Alectoria ocroleuca and Cornioularia divergens is found on hilltops

only. Swamps with Carex aquatilis stans and C. retundata are very commn.

Shrubs such as Betula nana exilis , Rubus chamaemorus , Empetrum , Vaccinium

vitis - idaea minus , V. uliginosum , and Arctostaphylus alpina are lacking within

the high-arctic zone. The shrubs consists of Salix arctica , S. polaris, S. pul –

chra , and S. rotundifolia . Moss tundra is rare. Its most common species are

Rhytidium rugosum , Aulacomnium turgidum , and Hylocomium proliferum ( splendens ).

The swamps have a network of 70 to 100-cm.-high peat walls, or tussocks of

that height, covered with Carex peat.

        In the lichen-moss tundra zone, which occupies a belt about 100 km. broad

south of the high-arctic zone, the Alectoria tundra occupies the largest areas

on hilltops and on sandy soil. Within it are found Luzula confusa , Polygonum

pawlovskianum , and Cassiope tetragona. Cetraria tundra occurs on muddy or

clayey soil. Cladonia societies are poorly represented. Eriophorum vaginatum ,

Carex aquatilis stans , and Betula nana exilis are prevalent inthem. Moss

tundra with Ptilidium ciliare and Dryas tundra occurs here and there. Betula

073      |      Vol_VI-0403                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

nana exilis nana exilis is common, but does not predominate. Eriophorum vaginatum –

tussock swamps occur, but is more common in the shrub zone. In grass swamps

with stagnant water Carex rotundata is prevalent (lacking farther north) and

in flowing water Carex aquatilis stans . There is no Polytrichum tundra in

Anabar.

        In the shrub zone, which is somewhat narrow, Salix s hrubs, chiefly

Salix pulchra , predominate, together with Betula nana exilis. Calamagrostis

canadensis langsdorffii , Salix alaxensis , Aconitum , and Rosa acicularis are

characteristic plants in this zone. Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra is

common. Sphagnum plays a larger part that it does farther north.

        The most northerly trees, which are invariably larch, almost entirely

lack branches, and look like striaght poles. In the northern part of the

forest tundra the trees stand 30 to 40 per hectare and have very poorly devel–

ped crowns. The northern limit of Alnus usually runs along the northern timber

line, though low suppressed Alnus shrubs can be found even in the lichen tundra.

It is lacking along the rivers where Salix alaxensis and S. lanata occur.

        Mouths of Olenek and Lena Rivers . The mouth of the Olenek was investigated

by Chekanovsky and Müller in 1874 and by Chekanovsky in 1875. The lower Lena

was first visited for botanical purposes by Adams in 1806, later by Bunge in

1883, Nilsson-Ehlein 1889, Cajander and Poppius in 1901, and by several others.

Nevertheless the Arctic at the Olenek and Lena is but little known. The high–

arctic tundra occupies only a very narrow strip about 100 km. broad and 250 km.

long along the Arctic Sea at the Olenek and the delta of the Lena River. The

lichen-moss tundra zone extends eastwards to the Olenek River, but the tundra

between the Olenek and Lena is replaced by a mountainous country with Carex

074      |      Vol_VI-0404                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

mires on the divides and meadows in the valleys, of which very little is

known. The shrub tundra likewise stops at the Olenek, where larches grow

down to about 100 km. from the mouth and ascend the eastern tributaries of

the river.

        The Lena Delta has a very poor vegetation, although about 200 flowering

plants are known from there, most of them from the southern and eastern parts.

        In the lower Lena Valley, which is surrounded by mountains, the last

larch is found at Tit-ary on 72° N., i.e., at the beginning of the delta.

No shrub zone is found there. The trees are crippled, being 3 to 5 meters

high and covered with lichen. Salix , Betula , Ribes triste , Rosa acicularis ,

Vaccinium uliginosum , and Cassiope tegragona are found in their undergrowth.

        Lena to Kolyma and Chaunskaia Bay . The first botanical investigations

were made in 1784 by Merck, who visited Nizhne Kolymsk. In 1865-66, Maydel

explored the shore between the Yana and Indigirka, and in 1875 Augustinovich

visited the lower Kolyma River.

        The high-arctic tundra belt is about 100 km. broad; lichen-moss tundra

is lacking or plays a small part. The shrub tundra is also about 100 km.

broad.

        The vegetation is very little known. Large areas are occupied by

Eriophorum vaginatum tussock-swamp tundra with bare earth between the tussocks.

Large areas are distitute of vegetation. At least to the west, green mosses

but few Sphagna occur in those swamps and the peat layer is not over 10 cm.

deep. The tundra thaws to a depth of only about 25 cm. Large areas are

covered with Cladonia tundra, C. rangiferina predominating. Typical polygon

tundra seems to be lacking or rare. The vegetation of the mountains, which

enter the Arctic east of the Yana and on both sides of Chaunskaia Bay, is

075      |      Vol_VI-0405                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

unknown. In this Verkhoyansk Mountains open larch woods with single pines and

a lower layer of Alnus , Betula , and Salix predominate.

        The New Siberian Islands were investigated botanically by Bunge and Toll

in 1885-86. They consist of four large and several small islands, all within

the high-arctic zone. The largest, Kotelnyi Island, is about 150 km. across.

        The vegetation is very little known. Snow field and open soil are com–

mon, and no drawf shrubs are present nor vegetation mats. Patches of vegeta–

tion and single Eriophorum tussocks occur, also fragments of lichen tundra.

In some places Ranunculus nivalis ( sulphureus ?) predominates. Saxifraga [ ?]

groenlandica , S. hirculus , Papaver radicatum , Oxyria luzula , and Sieversia

glacialis occur. Cochlearia is found on the shore.

        Bennett, Zhokhov, and Henrietta Islands, north of the New Siberian

Islands, are entirely covered with ice.

        Chukotsk Peninsula . The first botanical observations on the Chukotsk

Peninsula were made by Chamisson in 1816 at St. Lawrence Bay. In 1827 Mertens

visited the Bering Strait coast. During the Expeditions of Commander Ringgold

and Rogers in 1853-56, with C. Wright as botanical collector, Arakamchechen ?

Island was visited.

        In 1879 Kjellman wintered with the Vega Expedition at Pitlekai. He also

collected at Cape Yakan, Irkaipij (Cape Schmidt), Konyam Bay and at St. Law–

rence Bay. In 1881 the brothers Krause investigated the Bering Strait coast,

and in 1934 Gorodkov worked at Cape Schmidt and Cape Vankarem on the north

coast, making short stops at St. Lawrence Bay and Port Providence.

        The high-arctic tundra stops at about 175° E. The entire peninsula

west of the Stanovoi Mountains and southward to the mouth of the Anadyr River

076      |      Vol_VI-0406                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

belongs to the lichen-moss tundra zone. The peninsula is mountainous toward

its eastern end

        It Real polygon tundra is lacking in Chukotsk Peninsula. Cladonia tundra

and Sphagnum play a large part in the vegetation, as in Kola Peninsula, contrary

to what is the case in the central parts of the Arctic zone. On the north

coast of the Chukotsk Peninsula special tundras occur where patches of bare

earth alternate with drier or wetter patches of vegetation containing Alectoria

nigricans , Ochrolechia tartares , Rhacomitrium , Thamnolia vermicularis , and the

mosses Aulocomnium turgidum , Camptothesium trichoides ( Tomentophytum nitens ,)

Dicranum elongatum , Drepanoclades uncinatus, and Hylocomium proliferum ( splen –

dens ). In these patches occur also vascular plants, such as Carex lugens ,

C. misandra , Salix pulchra , S. reptans , Ranunculus nivalis , Parrya nudicaulus ,

Dryas punctata , Sieversia glacialis , Oxytropis nigrescens , Pedicularis lanata ,

and Artemisia trifurcata .

        The moss tundra is common on slopes and between the tussock swamps. Prom–

inent mosses are Camptothecium trichoides ( [ ?] Tomenthypnum nitens ), Dicranum

elongatum , Hylocomium proliferum , and Ptilidium ciliare . Lichens are of very

little significance. Among the herbs, Eriophorum angustifolium , Carex bigelowii ,

C. aquatilis stans , Polygonum viviparum , Salix pulchra , Dryas punctata , and

others occur. Dry moss tundra, which is so common west of the Lena River, is

lacking in the eastern part of the peninsula but occurs, at least to some ex–

tent, in the western parts. In the lichen tundra Cassiope tetragona , Rhodo –

dendron kamtschaticum glandulosum , R. lapponicum , and Saxifraga bronchialis

funstonii occur with Cetraria cucullata , which predominates especially in the

mountains. A characteristic feature of northeastern Asia is the vast areas of

077      |      Vol_VI-0407                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra. They reach as far as to the northern

coast of Chukotsk Peninsula. The tussocks. 20 to 30 cm. high and 30 to 40

cm. broad, cover about 40% of the tussock tundra. Between them Calliergon

sarmentosum and Polytrichum jensenii are common. Several mosses and lichens

are found on the top of the tussocks. The following herbs are found there:

Salix phlebophylla , S. pulchra , Vaccinium vitis - idaea minus , Carex lugens ,

Juncus biglumis , Pedicularis langsdorffii .

        In the meadows many plants not otherwise occurring in the Arctic are

found, such as Carex scirpoidea , Salix chamissonis , Anemone richardsonii ,

Trollius membranostylis , Parnassia kotzebuei , and Gentiana glauca .

        In the mountains there is a subalpine belt of Alnus crispa and Pinu s

pumil a. Pinus is more frequent in the upper part of the zone. It is lacking

in the extreme northeast, where it is replaced by Salix shrubs. Along the

seashores the subalpine belt is lacking, being replaced by Salix alaxensis

and S. pulchra shrubs about 1 meter high. The undergrowth in the Pinus

thickets is very varied; it may consist of lichens, but of Sphagnum as well.

Open spots in which grow Calamagrostis canadensis langsdorffii , Bromus

sibiricus , Poa alpigena and other species alternate with the thickets in

their lower parts; higher up the Pinus shrubs alternate with lichen-moss tundra.

        At 150 to 250 meters the alpine zone begins with lichen tundra between

the rocks. Cladonia and Alectoria ochroleuca alternate.

        On the north coast there are low dunes where Elymus , Hockenya , Cochlearia ,

Arctophila , Catabrosa algida , Artemisia tilesii , and others occur. A vegeta–

tion very similar to that described above stretches southward to Gizhiga and

northern Kamchatka. It is only in the inundation zone of the large river

078      |      Vol_VI-0408                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

valleys that fringing forests of Salix macrolepis , Populus suaveolens , and

Betula cajanderi occur here and there.

        As the section on the flora indicates, the floristic composition in the

Chukotsk Peninsula is very different from that in other parts of the Soviet

Arctic. With the exception of Pinus pumila , the alien components, which are

Pacific, Eastern Asiatic-Western American, or America, play but little part

in the vegetation, which connects up with that of the Eurasiatic Arctic.

        Wrangel Island was recently investigated by Gorodkov (unpublished ?).

Before that, only scattered notes on the flora were available. This moun [ ?] –

tainous island is about 150 km. long. It is regarded by Soviet authors as

belonging to the snow zone, but its rich flora, 150 species, make this doubt–

ful. Probably the low parts of the island should be classed within the lichen–

moss tundra zone, while even low mountains come within the snow zone. Such

species as Salix glauca , S. reptans , S. pulchra , Bromus pumpellianus arcticus ,

Aconitum delphinifolium , Saxifraga bronchialis , Funstonii , Androsace chamaejasme

lehmaniana , Cassiope tetragona , Vaccinium vitis - idaea , Valeriana capitata , Pedi –

cularis verticillata , Aster casaguineus , Saussurea angustifolia , and Senecio

resedifolium could hardly be expected in the snow zone. The vegetation is un–

known. From Herald Island, east of WrangelIsland, only single plants are

known, while from Big Diomede Island in Bering Strait no botanical data have

been obtained, although the flora of Little Diomede Island a few km. farther

eastward, which belongs to Alaska, was investigated by Porsild.

079      |      Vol_VI-0409                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

BIBLIOGRAPHY

       

General

Almquist, E. B. Lichenologiska iakttagelser på Sibiriens nordkust (Lichenological

observations on the North Coast of Siberia). Sv. Vet.

Akad. Förh. Öfvers. 36(1879) Nr 9, pp. 29-59. In German in

Nordenskiöld, A.E. Wissensch. Ergebn. d. Vega Exped. 1 (1882-83)

pp. 50-74. Andersson, G. Zur Pflanzengeographie der Arktis. - Geogr. Zeitschr. 3(1902)

pp. 1-23. Andreev, V.N. Podzoni tundry Severnago kraja. (Underzones in the tundras of

the northern district). - Priroda 1932 No 10 pp. 889-906. Brotherus, V.F. Die Moose des arktischen Küstengebietes von Sibirien nach

der Sammlung der russischen Nordpolar Expedition 1900-1903. -

M e é m. Acad. St. Petersb. Serv. VIII 27(1910) no 2. 15 pp. Elenkin, A. A. Lishainiki poljarnago poberezhja Sibiri. (Lichenes of the polar

shores of Siberia). - Zap. Imp. Acad. Nauk ser. 8 no Fiz. Math.

otd. 27 No 1 (1909). 53 pp. Flora URSS. Flora Unionis Republicorum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum 1-14

(1934-49) Pteridophyta - Vitaceae. Gorodkov, B.N. Vechnaja merzlota i rastitelnost. (Permafrost and vegetation).–

Sporn. Vechnaja merzlota Akad. Nauk SSSR. Komn. po izuch.

estestv. proizv. Sojuza Mater No 80 (1930) pp.135-136. ----. Vechnaja merzlota v Severom krae. (Permanently frozen soil in the

northern district). - Tr. Soc. po izuch. proizv. sil. Scr. severnaja

1 (1932) 109 pp. ----. Rastitelnost tundrovoi Zony SSSR. (Vegetation of the tundra zone of

SSSR.) - (1935) 142 pp. ----. Die Vegetation der Arctis und Gebirgstundren der URSS. - Vegetation

URSS I. 1938. Kjellman, F.R. Om växtlighaten pa Sibiriens nordkust. (On the vegetation of the

north coast of Siberia). - Sv. Vet. Akad. Öfvers. 31 (1874) Nr 3

pp. 31-42. In German in Nordenskiold, A.E. Wissensch. Ergebn. d.

Vega Exped. 1 (1882-83) pp. 80-93. ----. The Algae of the Arctic Sea. - Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. N.F. 20 Nr 5 (1883).

080      |      Vol_VI-0410                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Kjellman, F.R. Om algvegetation i det sibiriska ishavet. (On the algae of

the Siberian Polar Sea). - Sv. Vet. Akad. Öfvers. 36 (1879)

Nr 9 pp. 23-28. In German in Nordenskiöld, A.E. die Wissen–

schaftl. Ergeb. d. Vega Exp. 1 (1882-83) pp. 80-93. Ledebour, C.F. Flora Rossica 1-4 (1842-53). Liverovskii, J. A. Pochovy tundr Sevarnaga kraja. (Earth of the tundras of

the northern district). - Trudy Polarn. Komiss. 19 (1934) 112 pp. Ostenfeld, C.H. Flora Arctica 1 (1902) Pteridophyta-Gramineae. 136 pp. Rader, K. Die polare Waldgrenze. Dresden 1895, 92 pp. Rikli, M. Die pflanzlichen Formationen der Arktis. - Vierteljahrschr. Naturf.

Ges. Zürich 46 (1901) pp. 300-322. Wigge, K. Die Tundra als Landschaftsform. Die geogr. Bedingung ihrer Entste–

hung Köln 1927.

       

Special

       

Kola Peninsula

Fellman, N. I. Plantae vasculares in Lapponia orientali sponte nascentes. - Nat.

Sallsk pro Fauna et flora Fennica, förh. 8 (1869) pp. Hjelt, Hj. Conspectus Florae Fennicae 1-5. - Acta Soc. Faune et Flora Fennica

Vol. 5 No 1; 21 No 1; 30 No 1; 35 No 1; 41 No 1. 1888-1923. Hult e é n, E Atlas of the distribution of vascular plants in NW. Europe (1950)

1846 maps. (All vascular plants of Kola Penins. mapped). Kihlman, A. O. Pflanzenbiologische Studien aus Russisch Lappland (1890). 263 pp Regel, K Die Pflanzendecke der Halbinsel Kolas 1-3, 246 - + 350 - + 206 pp. - M e é m.

Fac. Sc Univ. Lithuanie 1 (1923), 3 (1927), 4 (1928). Tsinzerling, J. D. Geografija rastitelnosto pokrova severo - zapada Europeiski

chasti SSSR. - (Phytogeography of the northwestern part of Euro–

pean SSSR) - Trudy Geomorphologieheskogo Instituta 4 (1932),

377 pp.

       

Kanin Peninsula

        Andreev, V.N. O rastitelnom pohrove jugo-vastochnogo. Kanina. (On the vegeta–

tion of S. E. Kanin). - Trudy polornoi kommissii 20.

081      |      Vol_VI-0411                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Andreev, V.N. Material k flore Severnogo Kanina. (Materials to the Flora

of northern Kanin). - Trans. Mus. Bot. Akad. Sc. URSS 23

(1930) pp. 147-196. ----. Rastitelnost tundri Severnogo Kanina (Vegetation of the tundras in

northern Kanin). - Oleni pastbishcha Sev. Kraja 1931 pp. 5-85. Pohle, R Pflanzengeographische Studien über die Halbinsel Kanin und das

angrenzende Waldgebiet. - Acta Hort. Petrop. 21 (1903)

pp.21-130 (With phytogeographical map).

       

Kolguev

Feilden, H.W. & Geldart, H.D. A contribution to the Flora of Kolguev. -

Trasact. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc. Vol. 6, 1896. Tolmachev, A. Eine Sommerreise nach der Insel Kolgujev im Jahre 1925. -

Geogr. Ann. 1927 pp. 67-80. ----. Floristicheskie rezultaty Kolguevski ekspeditsii. (Floristic

results of the Kolguev Expedition). - Instituto po izuchenio

severa v 1925 g. - Trudy polarnoi komiss 2 ( ) pp. 5-50.

       

Molozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya Tundra

Andreev, V.N., Dedov, A.A., Sambuk, F.V. Oleni pastbistcha severnago kraja.

(Reindeer pasture of the northern district). (1931) 168 pp.

(Pechora). ----. Tipy tundr zapada Bolshoi Zemli. (Tundra-types in Bolshoi Zemlya). -

Trav. Mus. Nat. Acad. Sc. URSS. 25 (1932) pp. 121-268. Ruprecht, F. Flores Samojedorum Sisuralensium. - Beitr. z. Pflanzenkunde d.

Russ. Reiches 2 (1845). 67 pp. Schrenk, A.G. Reise nach dem Nordosten des Europäischen Russlands durch die

Tundren der Samojeden zum arktischen Uralgebirge. 1 (1848) 730 pp. 2

(1854) 568 pp. Sambuk, F.V. Botaniko-geografischeskii ocherk dolini reki Pechori. (Phyto–

geographical account of the Pechora Valley). - Trav. Mus. Bot.

Acad. Sc. URSS 22 (1930) pp. 49-145. Sambuk, F.V. & Ledov. A.A. Podzony Pripechorskikh tundr. (Underzones in Pechora

tundra). Trudy Bot. inst. Acad. Nauk SSSR. Geobotanika 1 (1934)

pp. 29-52. Tanfiljev, G.I. Predely lesov v. polornoi Rossi po issledovanijam v. tundre

Timanshikh semoedov. (The outposts of wood in polar Russia from

investigations in the tundra of the Timan samojeds). Odessa

1911. 286 pp.

082      |      Vol_VI-0412                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

       

Polar Urals

Ruprecht. F.J. Ueber die Verbreitung der Pflanzen in nördlichen Ural. - Beitr.

z. Pflanzenk. Russ. Reich. 7 (1850) 42 pp. Andreev, V.N. Igoshina, K.J., Leskov, A.I. Oleni pasthischcha i rastitelnji

pokrov poljarnogo Priuralja. (Rindeer pasture and vegetation

in the Polar Urales) - the soviet reindeer industry 5 (1935)

pp. 171-4066. Gorodkov, B.N. Poljarnyi Ural v verkhnem techenii reki Sobi. (The Polar Urals

at upper Sob R.) - Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS 19 (1927)

pp. 1-67. Tolmachev, A.T. K. flore jugo-zapadnogo poberezhja Karskogo morja (To the

flora of the southwestern shore of the Kasa Sea). - Journ.

Dot. URSS 22 (1937) pp. 185-196.

       

Novaya Zemlya

Baer, K.E. v. Expedition a à Novaia Zemlia et en Laponie. - Bull. Sc. publ.

par l’Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Petersb. 3 (1838). Blytt, A. Bidrag till Kundskaben om Vegetationen pra Nowaja Semlja, Waigatschoen

og ved jugorstredet. - Kristiania Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl.

1872 pp. 1-13. Ekstam, O. Neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gafässpflanzen Novaja Semlja’s. -

Engler. Bot. Jahrb. 22 (1897) pp. 184-201. ----. Nachträgliche Bemerkungen zur Kenntnis der Gefasspflanzen Novaja

Zemlya’s. - Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 23 (1897) pp. 575-577. Feilden, H.W. The Flowering plants of Novaya Zemlya in Pearson, H.J. Beyond

Petsora Eastward, Appendix C, pp. 187-225 (1899). Fries, Th. Om Nowaja Semljas vegetation. - Bot. Not. 1873 pp. 1-12, 33-41. Heuglin, M.T. Flora von Nowaja Zemlja und Waigatsch. Reise nach d. Nord–

polarmeer III, Braunschweig 1874 pp. 286-323. Holm, Th. Novaia Zemlia’s Vegetation, saerlig dens Phanerogamer. (The Vegeta–

tion of Novaya Zemlya, especially its phanerogams). - Djimphna–

Togtets Zool. bot. Udbytte. Köbenhavn 1885 pp. 1-71. Kjellman, F.R. Fanerogamer från Novaja Semlja, Waigatsch och Chabarova

bestämda af F.R. Kjellman och A.N. Lundström (Phanerogams from

Novaya Zemlya, Waigach and Khabarova determined by F.R. Kjellman

and A.N. Lundstrom). - Nordenskijöld, A.E. Die Wissensch. Ergebn.

d. Vega Exped. 1 (1882-83) pp. 297-317.

083      |      Vol_VI-0413                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Kjellman, F.R. Fanerogamfloran på Novaya Semlja och Waigatsch. (The

phanerogamic Flora on Novaya Zemlya and Vaigach). - In German

in Nordenskiöld. A.E. Die Wissensch. Ergebn. d. Vega Exped. 1

(1882-83) pp. 157-187. Lynge, B. Vascular plants from Novaya Zemlya. - Report Sc. Results Norweg.

Exp. Novaya Zemlya 1921 No 13 (1923) 142 pp. Markham, A.H.A. Polar Reconnaissance being a Voyage of the “Isbjørn” to Novaja

Zemlja in 1879. London 1871 (Hooker, J.D. Notes on the plants

collected pp. 323-329; Oliver, Catalogue of Species of Plants

collected on Novaya Zemlya by Captain Markham pp. 329-332. Perfiljev, I.A. Materialy k flore ostrovov Novoi Zemli i Koljueva. (Materials

to the flora of Novaya Zemlya and Kolgujev). Archangelsk 1928

73 pp. Steffen, H. Beiträge zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie von Nowaja Semlja,

Waigatsch und Kolgujew. - Beih. Bot. Ventralbl. 44 (1928) Abt. 2

pp. 293-361. Tolmachev, A. Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Gebietes von Matsochkin Schar und [ ?]

der Ostküste Nowaja Semlia’s Bull. Acad. Sc. URSS 1929 pp. 859-889. ----. O proiskhozhdenii flory Vaigacha i Novoi Zemli. (On the dis–

tribution of the flora on Vaigach and Novaya Zemlya) - Trav.

Mus. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS 22 (1930) pp. 181-205. ----. Contributions to the flora of Vaigats and of the mainland coast of

the Yugor Straits. - Traw. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS 19 ( )

pp. 121-154. ----. Materialy dlja flory raiona poljarnoi geofizicheskoi observatorii

Matochkin Shar i sopredelnykh chastei Novoi Zemli. (Materials

to the flora of the district of the geophysical observatory at

Matochkin Shar and nearby parts of Novaya Zemlya). - Trav. Mus.

Bot. Acad. Sc. URSS. 24 (1932) pp. 275-299; 25 (1932) pp. 101-120. ----. K. flore krainego severa Novoi Zemli. (To the flora of the northern–

most parts of Novaya Zemlya). - Izv. Glavn. Bot. Sad 1926 pp. 1-4. Trautvetter, E.R. a. Conspectus florae insularum Nowaja-Semlyja. - Acta Hort.

Petrop. 1 (1870-71) pp. 43-88. ----. Plantae in insula Litke sinus Baidarskaja Guba sub 39 1/2° lat. Bor.

et 68° long. or a Wiggensom anno 1876 lectae. - Acta Hort. Petrop.

6 (1879) pp. 550-551. ----. Plantae in insulis Nowaja Semlja anno 1870 ab E.A. Grünwald, anno 1877

ab E.A. et A.J.Tjagin nec. non anno 1879 ab H.Göbel, D-re Ssjerikow

et principe Uchtomski lectae. - Acta Hort. Petrop. 6 (1879)

pp. 541-50.

084      |      Vol_VI-0414                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of the Soviet Arctic

Zubkov, A.I. Tundry Gusinoi Zemli. (The tundras of Gusinoi Zemlia). - Trav.

Mus. Bot. Acad. SSSR. 25 (1932) pp. 57-99.

       

Franz Josef Land

Belli, S. Osservozioni scientifiche esequite durante la spedizione polare

di S.A.R. Luigi di Savoia, 1899-1900 pp. 643-647. Fischer, H. Some Remarks on the Flora on the Franz Josef Archipelago. - Geogr.

Journ. 8 (1896) pp. 560-63. ----. Flora of Franz Josef Archipelago. - Geogr. Journ. 11 (1898)

pp. 135-137. ----. Botany of Franz Josef Land. - Jackson, F.G., A thousand Days

in the Arctic 2 (1899) pp. 413-419. ----. Report on the Flora of Franz Josef Land from Cape Barents to

Cape Neale. - Ibid. pp. 547-53. Hanssen, O and Lid, J Flowering plants of Franz Josef Land - Skrifer om

Svalbard of Ishavet Nr 39 (1932) 42 pp Markham, C R The Voyage of the “Eira” and Mr. Leigh Smith’s Arctic Discoveries

in 1880. - Proc. Roy. Geogr. Soc. 3 (1881) pp. 129-150. Polibin, I.V. Botanicheskik rezultati plavania ledokova Ermak v Severnom

Ledovitom okeane letom 1901 g. (Botanical results of the navi–

gation of the ice-breaker “Ermak” in the northern part of the

Polar Sea in summer 1901). - Izw. St. Petersb. Bot. Gard. 3

(1903) pp. ---- Vegetation de la partie meridionale de la Terre Francois Joseph. -

Bull Jard. Bot. St. Petersb. 2 (1901) pp. 3 (1903) pp. Payer, J. Die Osterreich-ungarische Nordpol-Expedition in den Jahren 1872-1874

(1876). Samoilovitch, R. Die zeite arktische Forschungsreise auf dem Eisbrecher “Sedow”

1930. Petermanns Mitteil. 77 (1931) pp. 57-61.

       

Yamal and the West-Siberian Lowlands

Andreev, V.N. Kormovaja baza Jamalskogooleneva dstva. - (The pasture-base of

the Yalmal reindeer breeding). - The soviet Reindeer Industry

1 (1933) pp. 99-164.

085      |      Vol_VI-0415                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Gerassimov, D.A. Die Sphagnum-Moose des Urals und Westsibiriens. - Beih. Bot.

Centralbl. 52 Abt. B. Haeft. 2 ( ) pp. 207-230. Gorodkov, B.N. Opyt delenija Zapadno-Sibirskoi nizmennosti na botaniko–

geograficheskie oblasti. (Division of the West-Siberian low–

land in phytogeographical district) - Ezheg. Tobolsk. gub.

Muz 27 (1916) pp. 1-56. Hage, C. Obfloden (The Obi river). - Geogr. Tidskr. 5, 1881 pp. 113-145. Keylov, P. Flora Zapanoi Sibiri 1-10 (Flora of Western Siberia 1-10)

(1927-1939) Pteridophyta - Dipsacaceae. Lundstrom, A.N. Vegetationen på Jalmals Slättland. (The vegetation on the

plains of Jalmal). - Sv. Vet. Akad. Bihang 4 (1877) pp.

38-40. Zhitkov, B.M. Poluostrov Jalmal. (The Peninsula Jalmal). - Zap. Imp. Russk.

Geogr. Obshch. 49 (1913) 349 pp.

       

Gydan Tundra and Mouth of Yenisei

Brenner, M. Antechninger Fran Svenska Jenisejexpeditionen 1876. (Notes

from the Swedish Jenisej-Expedition 1876). - Ark. f. Bot.

9 No. 9 (1910). Kurtz, F. Bericht über Pflanzen welche Karl Graf vom Waldburg-Zeil in

August 1881 am unteren Jenisej gesammelt hat. - Abh. Bot.

Verein. Brandenburg 36 (1895). [ ?]Kuznetsov, N.I. “Laidy” b nizovjakh Eniseja … (Sand-bards at lower

Yenisei). Trudy Polarny Komiss 12 (1932). 40 pp. Lundström, A.N. Om Jenisej-strändernas-Salix-flora. (On the Salix flora of

the shores of Yenisei). - Bot. Not. 1888 pp. 23-32. In

German Bot. Centralbl. 35 (1888) pp. 29-31, 61-63, 114-116. Scheutz, N.J. Plantae vasculares Jeniseenses unter Krasnojarsk urbem et

ostium Jenisei fluminis hactenus lectae. - Sv. Vet. Acad.

Handl. 22 Nr 10 (1888). 210 pp. Schmidt, Fr. Wissenschaftliche Resultate der zur Aufsuchung eines ange–

kundigten Mammuthcadavers von der Kaiserl. Akad. D. Wissensch.

an den Unteren Jenissei ausgesandte Expedition. Mem. Acad.

Sc. St. Petersb. Ser. VII 18 No 1 (1872) 168 pp.

086      |      Vol_VI-0416                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Tolmachev, A.I. Predvoritelnyi otchet o poezdke v nizovaja Eniseja i v.

pribrezhnojo chasti Gydskoi Tundry letom 1925 g. (Preliminary

report on a journey to Lower Yenisei and the shores of the

Gydan Tundra in summer 1926). - Bull. Acad. Sc. URSS. (1926)

pp. 1655-1680. ----. Nizovja Eniseja, kak fito-geograficheskaja granitsa. (Lower

Yenisei as a phytogeographical boundaryline) - Comptes Revues

de l’Academie des Sc. URSS 1928 pp. 143-147. ----., & Pjatkov, P.P. Obzor sosudistykh rastenii ostrova Diksona. (Review

of the vascular plants of Dickson I.). - Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad.

Sc. URSS 22 (1930) pp. 147-179. Trautvetter, E.R., v. Planta Jemsseensis - Middend. A.Th. v. Reise in den

äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens 1:2 (1856) pp. 169-175. ----. Plantae in expeditione Ssiderowiana navis sarja ano 1877 in

insula Bjeli Ostrow ad ostium sinus Obensis sub 73 1/2° lat.

bor. et 84° long. ov. - nec non in insula Malobrichowski Ostrow

ad ostium fl. Jenissei sub 70 1/2° lat. bor. a Schwanebach lectae.

Acta Hort. Petrop. 6 (1879) pp. 551-54.

       

Taimyr

Lynge, B. Vascular plants and lichenes. - The Norway, polar exp. with the

“Maud” 1918-1925 Scientif. results. V. No.1 (1929) 15 pp. (Taimyr). Sambuk. Die Waldgrenze auf der Halbinsel Taimyr Journ. Bot. URSS 22 (1937)

pp. 209-224. Tolmachev, A.I. Flora tsentralnoi chasti vostochnogo Taimyra 1-3. (Flora of

the central part of eastern Taimyr). - Trudy Polarnoi komissii 8

(1932) pp. 1-126; 13 (1932) pp. 1-75; 25 (1935) pp. 1-80. ---- Predvaritelnyi otchet o rabotakh Taimyrskoi expeditsii akademii

Nauk v 1928 g (Preliminary report on the works of the Taimyr

Expedition of the Academy of Science in 1928). - Trudy Paralnoi

Komiss. 1 (1930) pp. 3-28. ----. Die Taimyr-expedition der Akademie der Wissenschaften von U.S.S.R.

im Jahre 1928. - Ges. z. Erf. der Arktis mit Luftfahrseugen 1928

Heft 2 pp. 33-38. ----. O rasprostranenii drevesnykh porodi o severnoi granites lesov v

oblasi mezhdu Eviseem i Khatangoi (On the distribution of trees

at the northern boundary of the forest in the district between

Yenisei and Khatanga). - Trudy Palornoi kommissii 5 ( )

pp. 1-29.

087      |      Vol_VI-0417                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Trautvetter, E R. v. Florula taimyrensis phaenogama. - Middend. A.Th. v.

Reise in den Äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiricus 1:2 (1856)

pp. 13-143. ----. Florula Boganidensis Phaenogama. - Ibid. pp. 144-167.

       

Anabar Tundra

Sochava, V.B. Tundry bosseina reki Anabary (Tundra of the Anabar Vier). -

Isv. Gasod. Geogr. Obshch. 65:4 (1933) pp. 340-364. ----. Rastitalnyl assotsiatsii-Anabarskoi tundry (Plant-associations

of the Anabar Tundra). - Journ. Bot. URSS 19 (1934) No 3.

pp. 264-304. Bunge, A. Die Lena-Expedition 1881-84. - Beob. russ. Polarstation an der

Lena-Mündung 1 (1895). ----. Opisanie puteshestvii k ostju Leny 1881-84 gg (Account of a

journey to the mouth of Lena R. in 1881-84). - Trudy russk.

polarn. stants na oste Leny 1 (1895) 96 pp. Cajander, A. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Vegetation der Alluvianen des nörd–

liche Eurasiens. I. Die Alluvianen des Lena-Thales. - Acta

Soc. Scient. Fenn. 32 (1903) 182 pp. ----, & Poppius, R. Eine naturwissenschaftliche Reise in Lena-Thal. -

Fennia 19 (1900). Komarov, V.L. Vvedenie v izuchenie rastitelnosti Jakutii (Introduction to

the study of the vegetation of Jakutia). (1926) 183 pp. Nazarov, M.I. Der Adam’sche Nachlass. - Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 32 (1923-24)

pp. 330-35, 357-60. Petrov, V.A. Flora Jakutii 1 (1930) Pteridophyta-Gramineae (Flora of Jakutsk

prov.). Trautvetter, E.R. v. Plantae Sibiriae borealis ad A. Czekanovski et F. Muller

annis 1874 et 1875 lectas enumeravit. - Acta Hort. Petrop. V

(1877) pp. 1-146. ----. Syllabus Plantarum Sibiriae Boreali-orientalisa Dre a Bunge fil.

lectorum. - Acta Hort. Petrop. X (1887)

       

Lena to Kolyma and Toniskaya Bay

Maydel, G. Reisen und Forschungen im Jakutskischen Gebiet Ostsibiriens in den

Jahren 1861-71 1-2 (1893-96), 702 - + 800 pp.

088      |      Vol_VI-0418                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Trautvetter, E.R. v. Flora riparia Kalymensis. - Acta Hort. Petrop. V (1878)

pp. 495-574.

       

New Siberian Islands

Bunge, A. and Toll. E. Die von der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften ausgerüstete

Expedition nach den Neusibirischen Inseln und dem Jana-Lande. -

Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Russ. Reiches 3 Folge Bd 3 (1887) 412 pp. Toll, E.V. Ekspeditsija Akademii Nauk 1893 g. na Novosibirskie ostrova i

poberezhe Ledovitavo okeana. - Izv. Geogr. Obshch. 30 (1894). Trautvetter E.R. v. Syllabus plantarum Sibiriae boreali-orientalis a D-re

Alex a Bunge fil. Lectorum. - Acta Hort. Petrop. 10 (1887)

pp. 481-546.

       

Chukotsk Peninsula

Almquist, E. Die Lichenenvegetation der Küsten des Beringsmeeres. - Norden–

skiold. A.E. Vega-exp. vet. iaktt. 4. (1887) pp. 509-542. Chamisso, A. and Schlechtendal, D. De Plantis in Expeditione speculataria

Romanzoffiana observatis. - Linnaea 1-6 (1826-31). Gorodkov, B.N. Estestvennye pastbischchnye vgodja tundrovoi zoni DVK

(Natural pastures of the tundra-zone of the Far East). - The

Soviet reindeer industry 2 (1933) pp. 119-163. ----. Botaniko-geografisheskii ocherk Chukotskago poberezhja (Phyto–

geographic account of the coastal part of Chukotsk Penins.)

( ) 173 pp. Hyrniewicki, B. Contribution to the study of the flora in Tchuktchiland. -

Disipl. Biol. Arch. Soc. Scient. Varsaviensis 1:18 (1922)

34 pp. Hult e é n, E. A list of plants from the Chukch-Peninsula. - Sv. Bot. Tidskr. 19

(1925) pp. 104-110. Kjellman, F.R. Asiatiska Beringsunds-kustens fanerogamflora (The phanerogamic

flora of the Asiatic Bering Sea Coast). In German in Norden–

skiöld, A.E. Die Wissensch. Ergebn. d. Vega Exped. 1 (1882-83)

pp. 294-379. ----. Om Tschuktscherna hushällsväxter (Plants used by the Chukchi).

In German in Nordenskiöld, A.E. Die Wissensch. Ergebn. d. Vega

Exped. 1 (1882-83) pp. 188-205. Koidzumi, G. Plantae Siphonogamae a N. Yokoyama anno 1907 in Alaska arctica

Tschuktschore et Kamtschatka collectae. - Bot. Mag. Tokyo 25

No. 297 pp. 203-222.

089      |      Vol_VI-0419                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Hult e é n: Phytogeography and Vegetation of Soviet Arctic

Kurtz, F. Die Flora der Tschuktschenhalbinsel nach den Sammlungen der

Gebrüder Krause. - Engler, Bot. Jahrb. 19 (1895) pp. 432-493. Mertens, G.H. Bemerkungen über die Floren der Karaginsk-Insel und eines

Theiles des Landes an der Behrings-Strasse … Linnaea 5

(1830) pp. 60-71. Muir, J. Some botanical notes from Cruise of Corwin. - Torreya 18 (1918)

pp. 197-210. (Several other editions). Nylander, W. Enumeratio lichenum Freti Behringii. - Bull. Soc. Linn. Nor–

mandie, S e é r. 4, 1. Caen 1887. Pavlov. S.G. Torf na Chukotke (Peat in Chukotsk Penins.). - Sovjetskaja

Arktika 1937 No. 1 pp. 89-92. Roth, E. Die Flora der Tschuktschen-Halbinsel. - Die Natur 44 (1895) Nr 3. Trautvetter, E.R. v. Flora terrae Tschuktschorum. - Acta Horti Petrop. 6:1

(1879) pp. 1-40. ----. Plantae in littore asiatico freti Behringii anno 1876 a

Skalowski lectae. - Acta Hort. Petrop. 8 (1883) pp. 1-22. Vainio, Edv. A. Lichenes in viciniis stationis hibernae expeditionis Vegae

prope pagum Pitlekai in Sibiria septentrionali a D:re E.

Almquist collecti. - Ark. f. Bot., Bd 8:4. Uppsala 1909.

       

Wrangel Island

Gorodkov, B.N. Manuscript list of the Flora of Wrangel I. Nazarow, M.I. K flore ostrova Wrangelja (To the flora of Wrangel I.) - Hydro–

meteorolog. Committee USSR. III:4 (1934) pp. 1-21.

       

Eric Hult e é n