Flora and Vegetation between 55° and 60° N. in Quebec and Labrador

Unpaginated      |      Vol_VI-0147                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. (Jacques Rousseau)

FLORA AND VEGETATION BETWEEN 55° AND 60° N.

IN QUEBEC AND LABRADOR

       

CONTENTS

	Page
Introduction	1
Arctic and Hemiarctic Phanerogamic Flora	7
The Arctic Zone Proper	22
Subdivisions of Arctic Quebec and Labrador	23
The Kogaluk and Payne Regions	24
Sectors of the Kogaluk and Payne Regions	34
Entrance of the Kogaluk and Adjoining Coast	35
The Kogaluk River to Tasiak Lake	39
Height of land between the Kogaluk and Payne rivers	47
Payne River from Source to Estuarine Zone	49
Payne River Estuary	52
The Hemiarctic Zone	58
Subdivisions of the Hemiarctic Zone	60
The George River Region	62
Sectors of the George River in the Hemiarctic Zone	65
Arctic Outposts	80
Phytogeographical Aspects and Glaciation	80
Bibliography	83

Unpaginated      |      Vol_VI-0148                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. (Jacques Rousseau)

       

FLORA AND VEGETATION BETWEEN 55° AND 60° N.

IN QUEBEC AND LABRADOR

       

PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS

        With the manuscript of this article, the author submitted 26 photographs

for possible use as illustrations. Because of the high cost of reproducing

them as halftones in the printed volume, only a small proportion of the photo–

graphs submitted by contributors to Encyclopedia Arctica , can be used, at most

one or two with each paper; in some cases none. The number and selection must

be determined later by the publisher and editors of Encyclopedia Arctica . Mean–

time all photographs are being held at The Stefansson Library.

001      |      Vol_VI-0149                                                                                                                  
EA-Plant Sciences

(Jacques Rousseau)

       

FLORA AND VEGETATION BETWEEN 55° AND 60° N.

IN QUEBEC AND LABRADOR

       

Introduction

        The Province of Quebec and the Labrador coast are the regions where the

arctic zone, considered biologically, attains its southernmost limit on land.

These regions belong to two different provinces of Canada; the Labrador coast

to Newfoundland and the rest of the peninsula to the Province of Quebec. The

islands near the peninsula in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and Ungava Bay come

under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Territories. The portion of Quebec

north of approximately 52° N. latitude was formerly known as Ungava; the term

Labrador is often misused by explorers and geographers to include Ungava. In

this arctic Ungava is defined as that part of the Province of Quebec which

lies north of the Eastmain River, and the name Labrador is used only in its

official sense, that is, the coast of the mainland belonging to Newfoundland.

To designate the whole area, Quebec-Labrador Peninsula (81) seems an appro–

priate name.

        Previous Studies on the Vegetation of the Labrador Coast . The first gen–

eral work on the flora of Labrador is a small book of 218 pages entitled De

plantis labradoricis , by Meyer, published in 1830 (54). This work contains a

bibliography of former works dealing with the Labrador coast as well as notes

002      |      Vol_VI-0150                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

on the climate and the phytogeography of the region. Then come other general

works by Schlechtendal (93) and Macoun (46; 48), the last being mainly a com–

pilation of what was known before. Among other authors who have worked on the

flora of the Labrador coast, mention must be made of Ascherson (3), Butler (7),

Fernald and Sornborger (21), Delabarre (10; 11), Mackay (44), Hantzsch (28),

Fernald (17) for the southern extremity at Blanc Sablon, Wetmore (101), Wood–

worth (102, Polunin (57), Abbe (1), Gardner (24; 25) and Hustich and Pettersson

(33), and Wenner (100). Some of these did not actually visit Labrador but

studied the collections made by others in the region. There are moreover a

list published by the Kew Royal Botanical Gradens, (36), based upon the collec–

tions of Sir William MacGregor and, among the authoritative works on the ecology

of the Labrador coast, the important chapter from Tanner’s book (96) to which

Hustich contributed.

        Former Studies on the Vegetation of Ungava . The flora of the Labrador

coast was studied from quite early times, while that of Ungava remained nearly

unknown until after 1940. Prior to the surveys and collections of R. C. Clement

in 1944 and 1945, A. R. A. Taylor in 1944, Lepage and Dutilly in 1945, Rousseau

in 1947 and 1948 (74; 75; 81), and Marr in 1948 (identified mainly by Marcel

Raymond), whose herbarium specimens were consulted by the author, and the collec–

tions of Polunin in 1946 and 1949 (unpublished data), all that existed on the

flora of the interior of Ungava was a handful of notes, mainly on trees, gathered

by a few amateur botanists and especially the energetic geologist and explorer,

Albert Peter Low (43; 46; 81; 84). Before 1884, Lucien M. Turner had made

botanical collections while doing ethnological work at Fort Chimo. As for the

003      |      Vol_VI-0151                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

coast, south of the sixtieth parallel and the islands off its shore belonging

to the Northwest Territories, little more than scattered records were avil–

able prior to the investigations of Malte in 1928 and 1933, the numerous trips

of Gardner, Polunin in 1936 and subsequently, and Abbe and Marr in 1939 (53).

        Former Studies on the Phytogeogaphical Divisions of the Quebec-Labrador

Peninsula . Although the information was rather scant, phytogeographers have

nevertheless agreed on a crude division of the peninsula into phytogeograph–

ical regions. Harshberger in 1911 (29), following Merriam in 1891, recognized

an arctic zone in Quebec and Labrador (the northernmost part of northwest

Ungava, approximately north of the 60th parallel, and most of the Labrador

coast), the subarctic or Hudsonian zone (with its southern limit below Lake

Mistassini), and the North American temperate zone. Marie-Victorin (50) has

substantially the same main divisions ( region arctique , region hudsonienne ,

region laurentienne ). Halliday (27), considering only the forest, recognizes

in Quebec and Labrador the arctic tundra (with approximately the same limit

as Harshberger’s arctic) and the boreal forest region (covering the subarctic

and a part of the temperate zone as outlined by Harshberger).

        Hustich (32) presents the most up-to-date work on the peninsula, based on

his own work as well as on data obtained from the most recent surveys (1949).

In accordance with facts, he divides the whole territory into eighteen dis–

tricts, distributed through four major divisions: the tundra, the forest

tundra, the taiga, the southern spruce region, and, beyond the limits of his

work, the St. Lawrence mixed-wood forest (not described, but shaded on his ac–

companying map). To Hustich, the forest tundra is identical with the subarctic

region, and the taiga and southern spruce areas constitute the boreal forest

region. This interpretation can be questioned. It would seem rather that the

004      |      Vol_VI-0152                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

taiga is essentially the subarctic forest and should not be considered as a

part of the Laurentian boreal forest which itself is a sector of the temperate

zone. This point will be discussed in the introduction to section II The Hemiarctic

Zone. In the present article, the term taiga applies to the subarctic forests,

in the subarctic zone, and to the subarctic patches in the hemiarctic zone.

        Among general works concerned with the phytogeography of Quebec-Labrador,

we should mention Villeneuve’s Apercu climatique du Quebec (99), because of its

relation to natural vegetation, and Fernald’s work on “ Persistence of Plants in

Unglaciated Areas of Boreal America (19), which will be discussed under the

heading Phytogeographical Aspects and Glaciation.

        Physiological Behavior of Arctic and Alpine Plants . A good many plants

grow simultaneously in the arctic tundra and on the alpine meadows of the highest

summits in the northern temperate zone. The arctic and alpine formations have

in common certain factors: an absence of tree growth, which favors the sun-loving

plants; a short growing season allowing the existence of only fast-growing plants

which generally have a well-developed underground system; and finally a great

variation in diurnal and nocturnal temperature — an eliminating factor for

tender species. Alpine as well as arctic plants must be equipped to germinate

at low temperature. Marcel Raymond and Nils Johanssen reported (verbatim) an

observation made in the refrigerators of the Montreal Botanical Garden, where

pans sown with different seeds are stored for some time at low temperature

before being brought to the warmer temperature in the greenhouse. After being

stratified for six weeks, pans of Oxytropis podocarpa (the seeds of which had

been brought from Payne Bay) freely produced seedlings before leaving the refrig–

erator, while plants of the temperate or tropical zones germinate only occasion–

ally under such unfavorable conditions.

005      |      Vol_VI-0153                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        The main difference between arctic and alpine plants — which require

similar conditions as far as soil, water, and temperature are concerned — is

probably the length of the period of daylight during the growing season. While

in sectors of the Arctic in mid-July there are 22 hours of daylight, the number

is reduced to approximately 16 or 17 hours in the Gaspe region mountains, even

less on Mount Washington, and to only 12 hours on Mount Popocatepetl, near Mexico

City. The plants of Popocatepetl, although morphologically comparable with

arctic plants, nevertheless belong to entirely different species. Often trop–

ical plants grown in northern latitudes do not develop normally because of the

greater length of summer days, and will flower and produce fruits only if the

daily period of light is reduced. (See discussion concerning Lathyrus venosus

var. tonsus (syn. L. [ ?] r ollandii ), in reference 52). Some plants are evidently

adapted to a specific length of daylight. Theoretically, within the limits of

Canada, we appear to have: ( 1 ) indifferent arctic-alpine plants, ( 2 ) strictly

arctic plants, which cannot tolerate southern alpine habitats where the period

of daylight is too short, and ( 3 ) strictly alpine plants, which, although built

to survive in the severe conditions of the Arctic, will not grow spontaneously

in the far-northern habitats because, for example, the summer period of daylight

is too lengthy.

        Scope of the Present Study . The present article is not an exhaustive

floristic work on Ungava and Labrador, but only a preliminary study based mainly

on recent surveys. More attention will be given to the two districts surveyed

by the author in particular, not only for practical reasons but also because

they are extreme types which may be considered more or less as samples of the

whole territory. The author has also had access to the collections of colleagues

who have not yet published their monographs of the areas they surveyed, mainly

006      |      Vol_VI-0154                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

Clements, Taylor, Marr, Lepage, Dutilly, and Calder. The northernmost parts

of Labrador and of northwestern Quebec, north of 60° N. latitude, are

described in this Encyclopedia by Polunin (see “Canadian Eastern Arctic.”).

Bryophytes and thallophytes are considered only briefly in this study,

which will limit itself to examining the arctic aspects of the vegetation

of the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula. After describing the main floristic

regions, it will be necessary to consider briefly the arctic outposts in

the temperate zone and their phytogeographical aspects.

        Floristic Regions of the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula . In the portions

of Quebec and Labrador considered here, we can distinguish the following

floristic zones: ( 1 ) the arctic zone, north of limit of tree growth;

( 2 ) the hemiarctic zone, approximately between latitude 55° and 58° N., which

is an area covered by the forest tundra composed of patches of taiga and

tundra, and is described in Section II. For detailed description, the

arctic and hemiarctic zones will be subdivided into smaller regions. The

subdivisions which have been chosen correspond more or less to the main

hydrographic basins; though convenient from a geographical point of view,

they are not really phytogeographical regions.

        The subarctic zone, covered by the taiga, approximately between lat–

itude 50° and 55° N., lies outside of the scope of the present study.

However, in the subarctic zone and even in the temperate zone are certain

outposts of arctic vegetation which will be considered briefly at the end

of this article.

007      |      Vol_VI-0155                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

       

Arctic and Hemiarctic Phanerogamic Flora

        The numbers refer to geographical sectors, figured on the accompanying

map and described later. The numbers preceded by “A” designate sections of

the arctic zone, by “H” those of the hemiarctic zone. The number of arctic

and hemiarctic species of each family is given in parentheses after the name

of the family, and the total number of species from each zone is listed at

the end of the enumeration.

        POLYPODIACEAE (A7; H14)

        Polypodium virginianum , H2

Athyrium filix-femina , H2, H8

A. alpestre , H8

Dryopteris disjuncta , A3, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

D. fragrans , A2, A3, A7, H1, H2, H [ ?] 3

D. linnaeana , H7, H8

D. phegopteris , A4, A6, H1, H2, H4, H7, H8

D. spinulosa , H1, H2, H7, H8

Cryptogramma stelleri , H2

Cystopteris fragilis , A1, A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Woodsia belli , ?A3, H2

W. glabella , A3, A4, A6, H2, H4, H8

W. ilvensis , A2, A4, A6, H1, H3, H7, H8

Onoclea sensibilis , H8

        OSMUNDACEAE (H1)

        Osmunda claytoniana , H8

        OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (H4)

        Botrychium lanceolatum , H2

B. lunaria , H2, H4, H8

B. matricariaefolium , H2

B. multifidum , H2

        EQUISETACEAE (A3; H8)

        Equisetum arvense , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

E. fluviatile , H1, H2, H3, H8

E. litorale , H7

E. palustre , H3, H4

E. pratense , H7

E. scirpoides , H3

E. sylvaticum , A2, A3, A4, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

E. variegatum , A2, A3, H2, H4

        LYCOPODIACEAE (A4; H8)

        Lycopodium alpinum , A6, H2, H8

L. annotinum , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

008      |      Vol_VI-0156                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

        L. clavatum , H2, H8

L. complanatum , A3, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

L. lucidulum , H8

L. obscurum , H2, H4, H7, H8

L. sabinaefolium , H2, H4, H7, H8

L. selago , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

        SELAGINELLACEAE (A1; H1)

        Selaginella selaginoides , A6, H2, H4, H8

        ISOETACEAE (H2)

        Isoetes braunii , H2, H3, H4, H8

I. Macrospora , H8

        PINACEAE (H4)

        Larix laricina , H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Picea glauca , H2, H4, H7, H8

P. mariana , H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Abies balsamea , H8

        CUPRESSACEAE (A1; H1)

        Juniperus communis , A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

        SPARGANIACEAE (A1; H2)

        Sparganium angustifolium , H7, H8

S. hyperboreum , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

        POTAMOGETONACEAE (A1; H6)

        Potamogeton alpinus , A4, H2, H7

P. filiformis , H2

P. gramineus , H4, H8

P. praelongus , H7, (?) H8

P. pectinatus , H4

P. richardsonii , H2

        SCHEUCHZERIACEAE (A1; H2)

        Triglochin maritima , H2, H3, H8

T. palustris , A6, H2, H7, H8

        GRAMINEAE (A29; H52)

        Hierochloe alpina , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

H. odorata , A2, A6, H2, H4, H8

Oryzopsis canadensis , H2, H4

O. pungens , H2

Phleum alpinum , H2, H7, H8

Alopecurus alpinus , A7

A. aequalis , A6

Agrostis borealis , A2, A3, A4, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

A. scabra , H2, [ ?] H8

Arctagrostis latifolia , A1, A2, A3

Cinna latifolia , H2

009      |      Vol_VI-0157                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

        Calamagrostis canadensis , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

C. deschampsioides , H2

C. hyperborea , H2

C. inexpansa , H4, H8

C. labradorica , H7

C. lacustris , A3

C. neglecta , A3, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

C. pickeringii , H7

C. purpurascens , H4

Deschampsia alpina , A6, H7

D. atropurpurea , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7

D. caespitosa , A2, A4, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7

D. flexuosa , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

O. spicata , H8

Trisetum spicatum , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Catabrosa algida , A3, A6

C. aquatica , H2, H8

Poa alpigena , A6, H2

P. alpina , A1, A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

P. arctica , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, [ ?] H7, H8

P. eminens , H2, H8

P. fernaldiana , H7

P. glauca , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

P. intermedia , A2

P. labradorica , H8

P. pratensis , A2, H2, H3, H8

Dupontia fisheri , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7

Glyceria borealis , H8

G. nervata , H8

Puccinellia angustata , H2

P. lucida , A7

P. macra , H2

P. paupercula , A3, A7, H8

P. phryganodes , A3, A6, H8

Festuca brachyphylla , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

F. prolifera , H2, H3

F. rubra , A2, A6, H2, H7, H8

F. saximontana , H2, H3

F. vivipara , A6, H8

Bromus pumepllianus , H2

Schizachne purpurascens , H2

Agropyron latiglume , H3, H4

A. repens , H8

A. trachycaulum , H2, H4, H8

A. ungavense , H3, H4, H7

Hordeum brachyantherum , H8

J. jubatum , H4, H8

Elymus arenarius , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

010      |      Vol_VI-0158                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

        CYPERACEAE (A45; H75; hybrids not counted)

        Eleocharis acicularis , A3, H2, H3, H8

E. smallii , H2

Scirpus atrocinctus , H8

S. caespitosus , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. hudsonianus , H2, H8

Eriophorum angustifolium , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

E. brachyantherum ( E. opacum ) H2, H8

E. callitrix , A6, H2, H8

E. chamissonis ( E. medium sensu Hulten, E. chamissonis var. aquatile

sensu Fernald), H2, H3, H8

E. rousseauianum , A2, H2, H3

E. russeolum ( E. chamissonis sensu Fernald), H3, H7, H8

E. scheuchzeri , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

E. spissum ( E. callitrix sensu Fernald et al., non Cham. and E. vaginatum

auct.), A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

Kobresia myosuroides , A3, A6, H8

K. simpliciuscula , A7, H3

C. angustior , H8

C. aquatilis (including C. stans ), A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, [ ?]H8

C. arcta , H3

C. atrata , H2, H3

C. atratiformis , H2, H3, H7, H8

C. atrofusca , A3, A7, H2, H3, H 78

C. bicolor , A3

C. bigelowii (incl. C. anguillata ), A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

C. brunnescens , A2, A3, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. buxbaumii , H2

C. canescens , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. capillaris , A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

C. capitata ( C. artogena incl.), A2, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. chordorrhiza , H1, H3, H7

C. deflexa , H2, H3, H7

C. disperma , H2, H3

C. exilis , H2

C. glacialis , A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H 98

C. glareosa , A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

C. gynocrates , A2, B2, H3, H7, H8

C. haydeni , H3, H4

C. holostoma , A2

C. interior , H2

C. lagopina , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H8

C. langeana , A3, H8

C. [a ?]lenticularis , H2

C. leptalea , H2, H3, H8

C. limosa , H3, H8

C. macloviana , A6, H3, H4, H8

C. marina , H7

C. maritima , A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H8

011      |      Vol_VI-0159                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

        C. media , A6, H2, H4, H8

C. membranacea , A2, A3, A6, H3, H8

C. microglochin , A6, H2, H3, H7

C. miliaris , A2, A3, A4, H2, H7, H8

C. misandra , A3, A6, A7, H2, H8

C. misandroides , H4

C. morrisseyi , A6

C. nardina , A3, A7, H2, H3, H4

C. nigra , H2

C. norvegica , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

C. oligosperma , H2, H8

C. paleacea , H2, H8

C. pauciflora , H2, H7, H8

C. paupercula , A6, H2, H3, H7

C. praticola , H2, H3, H4

C. raeana , A3

C. rariflora , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. recta , H2, H8

C. rostrata , H2, H7, H8

C. rotundata , A2, A3, H1, H3

C. rupestris , A3, A6, H2, H3, H7

C. salina , A2

C. saxatilis (incl. C. saxatilis var. laxa = C. procerula ) A2, A3, A6, A7,

H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. scirpoidea , A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. stellulata , H2, H4

C. sterilis , H8

C. stylosa , A6, H2, H5, H8

C. subspathacea , A2, A6, H7, H8

C. supina , H3, H4

C. tenuiflora , A2, A3, H2, H3, H7

C. trisperma , H2, H7, H8

C. ursina , H2

C. vaginata , A2, H2, H3, H4, H8

C. vesicaria , H8

C. williamsii , A2, A3, H3, H7

        ARACEAE (H1)

        Calla palustris , H8

        ERIOCAULACEAE (H.)

        Eriocaulon septangulare , H8

        JUNCACEAE (A11; H19)

        Luzula confusa , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

L. groelandica , A2, A3, He, H7

L. nivalis , H8

L. parviflora , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

L. spicata , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

L. sudetica , H2, H8

L. wahlenbergii , A2, A3, A7, H2

012      |      Vol_VI-0160                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec and Labrador

        Juncus albescens , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

J. alpinus , H2, H3, H7, H8

J. arcticus , A2, A7, H3, H8

J. balticus , H2, H3, H4, H8

J. biglumis , A2, A6, H2, H8

J. brevicaudatus , H2, H8

J. bufonius , H2, H8

J. castaneus , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

J. filiformis , A2, A3, A6, H2, H4, H7, H8

J. subtilis , H3, H8

J. trifidus , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

        LILACEAE (A2; H6)

        Tofieldia pusilla (syn. T. borealis ), A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Clintonia borealis , H8

Smilacina trifolia , A6, H8

Maianthemum canadense , H8

Streptopus amplexifolius , H1, H2, H7, H8

S. rosus , H4

        IRIDACEAE (H1)

        Iris hookeri , H8

        ORCHIDACEAE (A3; H8)

        Habenaria dilatata , A6, H1, H2, H3, H8

H. hyperborea , H2

H. obtusata , A2, A4, A6, A7, H2, H8

H. viridis , H2

Spiranthes romanzoffiana , H8

Listera borealis , H2

L. cordata , H2, H7, H8

Corallorhiza trifida , A6, H7 (A3; H8)

        SALICACEAE (A11; H24)

        Salix arctica , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

S. arctophila , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. argyrocarpa , A6, H2, H3, H8

S. bebbiana , H3

S. brachycarpa , A2, A3, H2, H7

S. calcicola , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7

S. candi[?]a , H2

S. cordifolia , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. discolor , H2, H7

S. glaucophylloides , H2

S. hebecarpa , H4

S. herbacea , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. humilis , H2, H7, H8

S. myrtillifolia , H3, H4

S. pedicellaris , H2, H7

S. pellita , H2, H4, H7

S. planifolia , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

013      |      Vol_VI-0161                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        S. pseudomonticola , H2

S. pyrifolia , H2, H8

S. reticulata , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3

S. uva-ursi , A2, A3, A6, °4, H1, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. vestita , A2, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Populus balsamifera , H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

P. tremuloides , H8

        MYRICACEAE (A1; H1)

        Myrica gale , A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

        BETULACEAE (A2; H8)

        Betula borealis , H7

B. glandulosa , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

B. michauxii , H5, H8

B. minor , H2, H3, H7

B. papyrifera , H8

B. pumila , H8

Alnus crispa , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

A. rugosa , H2 (A2; H8)

        SANTALACEAE (H1)

        Comandra livida , H2, H4, H7, H8

        POLYGONACEAE (A3; H11)

        Oxyria digyna , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H7, H8

Koenigia islandica , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H8

Rumex acetosa , H8

R. acetosella , H8

R. fenestratus , H2, H8

R. pallidus , H2

R. triangulivalvis , H2

Polygonum aviculare , H7, H8

P. boreale , H8

P. convolvulus , H8

P. viviparum , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

        PORTULACACEAE (A1; H1)

        Montia lamprosperma , A6, H2, H7, H8

        CARYOPHYLLACEAE (A27; H28)

        Sagina caespitosa , A3, A6, A7, H8

S. intermedia , A2, A6, H [ ?]8

S. nodosa , A2, H3

S. procumbens , H8

S. saginoides , A2, A3

Arenaria groenlandica , A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

A. humifusa , A2, A3, A6, H2, H8

A. macrophylla , H3

A. peploides , A2, A3, A4, A7, H3, H7, H8

A. rossii , A3

014      |      Vol_VI-0162                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        A. rubella , A2, A3, A6, H2, H4, H3, H8

A. sajanensis , A6, H8

A. uliginosa , H3

Stellaria borealis ( S. calycantha ), A2, A3, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. crassifolia , A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. crassipes , A2, A3

S. humifusa , A4, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. laeta , A2, A3, H3

S. longipes , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. media , H8

S. monantha , A2, A3, H3, H4

S. subvestita , A2, A3

Cerastium alpinum , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H4, H7, H8

C. arvense , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H3, H4, H7, H8

C. beeringianum , A2, A3, A4, A6, H3, H4, H7

C. cerastoides , A3, A6, H7, H8

Lychnis affinis , A2, A3, A4, A7, H2

L. alpina , A4, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

L. apetala , A4, H2

L. furcata , A6, H4

Silene acaulis , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H2, H7, H8

S. cucubalus , H8 (H28)

        NYMPHAEACEAE (H1)

        Nuphar variegatum , H2, H8

        RANUNCULACEAE (A13; H16)

        Ranunculus acris , H8

R. allenii , A2, A6, H2, H7

R. cymbalaria , H2, H8

R. hyperboreus , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

R. lapponicus , A2, A3, H3, H7, H8

R. nivalis , A2, A3, A6

R. pallasii , A2

R. pedatifidus , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2

R. gomelini var. hookeri , A2

R. pygmaeus , A2, A6, H2, H7, H8

R. reptans , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H4, H7, H8

R. trichophyllus , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H7, H8

Thalictrum polygamum , H8

Anemone multifida , H2

A. parviflora , A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3

A. richardsoni , A2, A3, A4, H2, H3

Caltha palustris , H2

Coptis groenlandica , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

Actaea rubra , H2

        PAPAVERACEAE (A1; H1)

        Papaver radicatum , A2, A3, A6, A7, H7, H8

        FUMARIACEAE (H15)

        Corydalis sempervirens , H3

015      |      Vol_VI-0163                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        CRUIFERAE (A18; H21)

        Cochlearia officinalis , A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8 .

Draba alpina , A3, A7

D. arabisans , A4, A6, H2, H8

D. Aurea , A6, H2, H3

D. crassifolia , A6

D. fladnizensis , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H8

D. glabella , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

D. incana , A6, H2, H8

D. lanceolata , H2

D. minganensis , H2, H3

D. nivalis , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H8

D. norvegica , A7, H2 , H8

D. rupestris , A3, A6, H2

D. [ ?] sornborgeri , A6

Thlaspi arvense , H8

Subularia aquatica , H2, H8

Capsella bursa-pastoris , H8

Raphanus raphanistrum , H8

Braya purpurascens , A3

Rorippa islandica , H3, H8

Barbarea orthoceras , H3

Eutrema edwardsii , A2, A3

Gardamine bellidifolia , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

C. pratensis , A2, A3, H3, H7, H8

Arabis alpina , A3, A4, A6, H2, H8

A. arenicola , A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7

        DROSERACEAE (H3)

        Drosera anglica , H2

D. intermedia ( D. longefolia ), H8

D. rotundifolia , H2, H7, H8

        CRASSULACEAE (A1; H1)

        Sedum rosea , A4, A6, H3, H7, H8

        SAXIFRAGACEAE (A16; H20)

        Saxifraga aizoides , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3

S. aizoon , A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

S. caespitosa , A2, A3 A4, A6, A7, H2, H8

S. cernua , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

S. foliolosa , A2, H7

S. hirculus , A2, H2

S. nivalis , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H8

S. oppositifolia , A2 , A3, A6, A7, H2, H8

S. rivularis , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

S. stellaris , A6, A7, H8

S. tricuspidata , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3

Mitella N

016      |      Vol_VI-0164                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Mitella nuda , H2, H7

Chrysosplenium tetrandrum , A3, A4, H2

Parnassia glauca ( P. caroliniana ), H8

P. kotzebuei , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7

P. obtusiflora ( P. palustris auct. amer .), A6(?), H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

P. parviflora , A6(?), H8

Ribes glandulosum , A3, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

R. lacustre , H2

R. triste , H2, H4

        ROSACEAE (A12; H31)

        Sorbus americana , H2, H8

S. decora , H2, H7, H8

Amelanchier bartramiana , H2, H4, H7, H8

Fragaria virginiana , H2

Sibbaldia procumbens , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

Potentilla anserina , H8(?)

P. Chamissonis , A2

P. crantzii , A2, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

P. egedii , A2, A4, H2, H7, H8

P. fruticosa , H2

P. hyparctica (P. emarginata), A2, A3, A6, A7, H7

P. multifida , H4

P. nivea , A2, A3, A6, H2, H4, H7, H8

P. norvegica , H3, H4, H7, H8

P. pacifica , H8

P. palustris , A2, A3, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

P. pectinata , H2, H4

P. pulchella , H2

P. tridentata , A2, A3, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Geum rivale , H2

Rubus acaulis , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7

R. arcticus , A6, A7, H8

R. chamaemorus , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

R. strigosus , H2, H4, H7, H8

R. peracaulis , H7

R. pubescens , H8

Alchemilla filicaulis , H7, H8

A. glomerulans , H8

A. vestita , H7, H8

Sanguisorba canadensis , H7, H8

Dryas integrifolia , A2, A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H8

        LEGUMINOSAE (A9; H11)

        Trifolium repens , H8

Astragalus alpinus , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

A. eucosmus , A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H8

Oxytropis belli , A7, H3

017      |      Vol_VI-0165                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        O. foliolosa , A2, A3, A6

O. hudsonica , H2

O. johannensis , A2, A3, H3, H4, H8

O. maydelliana , A2, A7

O. podocarpa , A3

O. terrae-novae , A2, A6, H2, H8

Hedysarum alpinum , H3, H4

H. mackenzei , A4, H2

Lathyrus japonicus , A2, A6, H2, H8

Vicia cracca , H8

        CALLITRICHACEAE (A1; H3)

        Callitriche anceps , A4(?), H2.

C. heterophylla , H8

C. palustris , H2, H3

        EMPETRACEAE (A1; H1)

        Empetrum nigrum (incl. E. hermaphroditicum ?), A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H7, H8

        VIOLACEAE (A4; H5)

        Viola adunca , H8

V. labradorica , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

V. pallens , A2, A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

V. repens ( V. palustris auct. amer.), A6, H7

V. selkirkii , A2, H2

        ELAEAGNACEAE (H1)

        Shepherdia canadensis , H2, H4, H8

        ONAGRACEAE (A7; H10)

        Epilobium anagallidifolium , A3, A6, H2, H7, H8

E. angustifolium , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

E. ciliatum , H4

E. davuricum , H2

E. glandulosum , A3, H7

E. hornemanii , A2, A6, H2, H3, H8

E. lactiflorum , A6(?), H2, H3(?), H8

E. palustre , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

E. steckerianum , H3

        HALORAGIDACEAE (H2)

        Myriophyllum exalbescens , H2, H3

M. verticillatum , H2

Hippuridaceae (A1, H2)

        HIPPURIDACEAE (A1; H2)

        Hippuris tetraphylla , H2

H. vulgaris , A2, A3, A6(?), H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

018      |      Vol_VI-0166                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        UMBELLIFERAE (A1; H5)

        Ligusticum scothicum , H2, H8

Coeleplerum lucidum , H8

Heracleum lanatum , H2, H8

Conioselinum chinense , A6, H8

Angelica atropurpurea , H8

        CORNACEAE (A2; H2)

        Cornus canadensis , A2, H2, H3, H7, H8

C. suecica , A2, A3, H2, H7, H8

        PYROLACEAE (A3, H4)

        Pyrola grandiflora , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

P. minor , A6, A7, H2, H4, H7, H8

P. secunda , A6, H2, H7, H8

Moneses uniflora , H2, H7, H8

        ERICACEAE (A13; H20)

        Ledum groenlandicum , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

L. Palustre , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

Rhododenron lapponicum , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

Loiseleuria procumbens , A2, A3, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

Kalmia angustifolia , H8

K. polifolia , H2, H3, H7, H8

Phyllodoce coerulea , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

Cassiope hypnoides , A2, A3, A6, H7, H8

Andromeda glaucophyll a, H2, H3, H7

A. polifolia , A2, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

Chamaedaphne calyculata , H1, H2, H7, H8

Arctostaphylos alpina , A2, A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

A. rubra , H2

Chiogenes Hispidula , H2, H7

Vaccinium angustifolium , A6, H2, H7, H8

V. caespitosum , A3, H2, H7, H8

V. myrtilloides ( V. canadense ), H7

V. oxycoccos , A2, A3, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

V. uliginosum , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

V. vitis-idaea , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

        DIAPENSIACEAE (A1; H1)

        Diapensia lapponica , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

        PRIMULACEAE (A4; H5)

        Primula egaliksensis , A2, A6, H2, H7, H8

P. laurentiana , A2(?), A6, H3, H4, H8

P. stricta , A4, A6, A7, H2, H7, H8

Androsace septentrionalis , H2, H3

Trientalis borealis , A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

019      |      Vol_VI-0167                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        PLUMBAGINACEAE (A1; H1)

        Ameria maritime ( A. labradorica ), A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H8

        GENTIANACEAE (A3; H6)

        Gentiana amarella , H2, H3, H4, H8

G. nesophila , H2

G. nivalis , A6

G. propinqua , H2

G. tenella , A2, A3, A4

Lomatogonium rotatum , A4, H2, H3, H4, H7, H9

Halenia deflexa , H8

Menyanthes trifoliata , H3, H7, H8

        BORAGINACEAE (A1; H2)

        Mertensia maritima , A2, A7, H2, H8

Lappula echinata , H8

        SCOPHULARICEAE (A13; H18)

        Limosella aquatica , H2, H3, H8

Veronica alpina , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

Castilleja septentrionalis , A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Euphrasia arctica , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

E. disjuncta , H8

E. hudsoniana , A6, H1

E. oakesii , H2(?), H8

Bartsia alpina , A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

Pedicularis flammea , A2, A3 A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

P. groenlandica , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H7, H8

P. hirsuta , A2, A3, A6

P. labradorica , A2, A3, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

P. lanata , A3, A4

P. lapponica , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H8

P. palustris , H8

P. sudetica , A2, A6, H2.

Rhinanthus borealis , A6, H8

R. crista-galli , H8

R. groenlandicus , H2, H3, H8

R. oblongifolius , H2, H3, H4, H7

        LENTIBULARIACEAE (A4; H6)

        Pinguicula villosa , A2, A6, H2, H3, H8

P. vulgaris , A2, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Utricularia intermedia , H3

U. minor , A3, H8

U. ochroleuca , A2, A3, H3

U. vulgaris , H2(?), H8(?)

020      |      Vol_VI-0168                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        PLANTAGACEAE (A1; H2)

        Plantago juncoides , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H7, H8

P. major , H8

        RUBIAECEAE (A1; H3)

        Galium brandegeei , H7

G. labradoricum , A3, H2, H7, H8

G. trifidum , H7 H8

        CAPRIFOLIACEAE (A2; H4)

        Lonicera villosa , A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Linnaea borealis , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H7, H8

Viburnum acerifolium , H2

V. edule , H2, H3, H7, H8

        VALERIANACEAE (H1)

        Valeriana septentrionalis , H2

        CAMPANULACEAE (A2; H2)

        Campanula rotundifolia , A3, A6, A7, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

C. uniflora , A2, A3, A6, H2, H8

        LOBELIACEAE (H1)

        Lobelia dortmanna , H8

        COMPOSITAE (A35; H50)

        Solidago macrophylla , A2, A3, A6, H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. multiradiata , A4, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7 H8

S. uliginosa , H2(?)

Aster foliaceus , H8

A. longifolius , H2

A. memoralis , H8

A. novi-belgii , H8

A. puniceus , H2, H7, H8

A. radula , H2, H8

Erigeron elatus , H2, H4

E. eriocephalus , H1

E. humlis , A2, A3

E. unalaschensis , A6, A7

Antennaria augustata , A2, A3, A6, H4

A. canadensis , H8

A. canescens , A2, A3 A6, H1 H8

A. hudsonica , A6

A. isolepis , A2, A6, H2, H4, H8

A. labradorica , A2, A6, H3

A. neglecta , H2

A. petaolidea , H8

A. pygmaea , A6, H1

021      |      Vol_VI-0169                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        A. rousseauii , A2, A3, A7

A. ungavensis , A2 A3, H3

Gnaphalium norvegicum , A6, H2

G. supinum , A2, A6 H7

G. uliginosum , H8

Achillea borealis , H7, H8

A. lanulosa , H7

A. millefolium , A2, H2, H8

A nigrescens , H1, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

A. ptarmica , H8

Matricaria inodora , A2, H2, H8

Chrysanthemum arcticum , A2, H2

Tanacetum huronense , A2, H2

Artemisia borealis , A2, A6, H2, H3, H7, H8

Petasites palmatus , A2, A3, H2, H3, H7, H8

P. sagittatus , A2, H2, H3, H7

P. trigonophyllus , A2, H2, H3

Arnica alpina , A6, H7

A. attenuata , H2

A. terrae-novae , A6

A. plantaginea , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

Senecio congestus , A2, A6, H2, H7, H8

Senecio indecorus , (A6(?)

S. pauciflorum , A3, A6, A7, H2, H3, H4, H7, H8

S. pauperculus , H2(?)

S. pseudo-arnica , H8

S. vulgaris , H8

Taraxacum ceratophorum , A2, A3, H2, H8

T. hyperboreum , A2

T. lacerum , A2, A3, A4, A6, H2, H7, H8

T. lapponicum , A2, A6, A7, H2, H3, H7, H8

T. phymatocarpum , A2

T. pseudonorvegicum , H3

T. russeolum , H3

T. umbrinum , A2, A3

Crepis nana , A6

Hieracium canadense , H2

H. groenlandicum , H8

        TOTAL . The total gives 325 species (belonging to 47 families) for the

arctic parts of Quebec and Labrador studied in this article, and 551 species

(belonging to 61 families) for hemiarctic Quebec and Labrador. To give a true

picture, we should add to the arctic species those tabulated for section A1 and

022      |      Vol_VI-0170                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

A5, described in this Encyclopedia by Polunin (See “Canadian Eastern Arctic”).

These two sections will add only a few species not tabulated here.

        It will be noted that weeds are particularly common in section H8, the

southern Labrador coast, probably on account of the more numerous contacts with

Europe, Newfoundland, and the St. Lawrence Valley.

        The most important families in arctic and hemiarctic Quebec and Labrador

are the following, the percentage being that of the total phanerogamic flora

in the zone considered:

	Arctic (Total 325 species)	Hemiarctic (total 551 species)
Cyperaceae	13.8%	13.6%
Gramineae	9.0%	9.5%
Juncaceae	3.4%	3.3%
Salicaceae	3.4%	4.4%
Caryophyllaceae	8.3%	5.0%
Ranunculaceae	4.0%	2.9%
Cruciferae	5.5%	3.8%
Saxifragaceae	4.9%	3.6%
Rosaceae	3.7%	5.6%
Ericaceae	4.0%	3.6%
Scrophulariceae	4.0%	3.3%
Compositae	10.8%	9.1%

        If we put together the most important families of the territories studied,

the Cyperaceae, Gramineae, and Compositae, the total is 109 arctic species

and 177 hemiarctic species, respectively, 33.5% of the arctic flora and 32.1%

of the hemiarctic flora tabulated here.

       

I. THE ARCTIC ZONE PROPER

        In the arctic zone proper, coniferous trees or any others, except for

scrubby dicotyledons, are entirely absent. Instead of a forest covering, a

dwarf and largely herbaceous or cryptogamous — often discontinuous — set

of communities occurs. Although arctic Quebec is the most southerly arctic

023      |      Vol_VI-0171                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

region, it is less known botanically than the more northerly portions of the

Canadian Eastern Arctic.

       

Subdivisions of Arctic Quebec and Labrador

        It is still premature, with the information now on hand, to attempt to

characterize the phytogeographical districts of the Quebec-Labrador arctic

area. For the sake of convenience the zone could be divided into districts,

based mainly upon the hydrographic systems. Two of the districts (A1 and A5)

have been studied by Polunin in his article “Canadian Eastern Arctic.” Of the

five remaining groups, two will be described in greater detail, viz. the Kogaluk

and Payne regions. They have been chosen because they represent important sec–

tors of arctic Quebec and we well known to the author.

        Northernmost Quebec (A1). In this region, north of 60° N. latitude, the

main river system is the Povungnituk. The botanical surveys cover mainly the

seashore and McGill Lake in the interior.

        Kogaluk Region (A2). This district, belonging to the Hudson Bay drainage

system, lies between 60° N. latitude and the limit of trees north of Lake Minto.

The main river is the Kogaluk, surveyed for the first time in 1948 by the author

(Rousseau 1948 B and 1949, Aubert de la Rüe 1949-50, Gadbois 1949).

        Payne River Region (A3). This is in the Ungava Bay drainage system,

between 60° N. latitude and the limit of trees a few miles north of Leaf River.

The most important hydrographic system in the region is Payne River, having its

source in Payne Lake, a lake sixty miles long.

        South Shore of Ungava Bay (A4). For some miles inland, the southern shore

of Ungava Bay is treeless. On the whole, the region is poorly known.

        Port Burwell Region (A5). This is the northernmost part of Labrador and

northeastern Quebec, north of 60° N. latitude.

024      |      Vol_VI-0172                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Labrador Arctic Lobe (A6). South of the preceding region, this part of

the country, destitute of forest, extends as far south as 56° N. latitude, and

embraces the highlands of northern Labrador and northeastern Quebec. The sec–

tor begins east of George River. In certain bays between Hebron and Port

Manners are found northern outposts of the coniferous subarctic forest. They

would better be considered as parts of section H8 (Labrador Hemiarctic coast).

        Belcher Islands and Other Islands of Eastern Hudson Bay (A7).

       

The Kogaluk and Payne Regions

        Before the author’s exploration of the Kogaluk and the Payne, only the

lowest parts of these rivers were known. Low (41) had visited the mouth of te

Kogaluk, Todd (97) and Doutt had traveled about 25 miles inland from its mouth.

As for Flaherty (22), his explorations extended from Ungava Bay to the North

Payne, which might well bear the name of Flaherty River. The first botanical

survey of the territory, as well as the first exploration of the Kogaluk and

Payne rivers, was accomplished in 1948 (5; 74; 81). Accompanying the author

were Edgar Aubert de la Rűe, geologist, Jean Michea, ethnographer and archaeolo–

gist, Pierre Gadbois, geographer, and four Montagnais Indians from Seven Islands.

        Topography and Geology . The geographical features (topography, geology,

hydrography, mete o rology and soil) are described briefly and only as far as the

comprehension of plant habitat demands. The entire region is pre-Cambrian and

formed of granitic and gneissic material with the exception of the Payne Bay

post vicinity where shaly rock is found. The whole, an undulated plain worn

away by the Quarternary glacier, is covered by numerous boulders and dotted by

innumerable lakes. On the Hudson Bay slope, the terrain is low and flat, with

only a few small hills. Between the Kogaluk and Payne systems is a broken

025      |      Vol_VI-0173                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

country with summits of approximately 400 to 600 feet. Around Payne Lake,

the country is as level as long the Kogaluk system. The farther the Payne

is descended, the more hilly is the sourrounding country.

        Hydrography . The Kogaluk and Payne rivers are quite different in aspect.

Th [ ?] e first is more or less a chain of Quaternary lakes separated by falls and

having only a few small affluents. There are no falls or cascades on the Payne;

the rapids, however, are numerous, the majority of which need no portages when

following the current. The affluents of the Payne are much more numerous than

those of the Kogaluk. In spite of the rapidity of the current of the Payne,

aquatic Ranunculi establish themselves in the river to a depth of five to ten

feet. The color of the water, as viewed from the air, varies occasionally.

The light green of the lakes and rivers, no doubt, is due mainly to the pig–

mentation extracted from decaying Cladonia . Some lakes are of a dark green,

almost black, a color produced by the presence of various algae. In swift

rivers, the dark green lines of the bottom are caused by the feathery nature

of aquatic Ranunculi . Only a few lakes are of a milky color. On Anticosti

Island, the author noticed that this color was caused by marly bottoms. In

northern Ungava, the same appearance must be owing to a clayey bottom, as clay

formations are present here and there. The circumstances of the trip did not

allow time to ascertain whether other factors may possibly be responsible for

the production of such conditions.

        Meteorology . The only meteorological data from the interior in this

area are those from the year 1948, a particularly early summer. The lakes

had already thawed out before July 14. Two years earlier, Payne Lake was

still a mass of ice on July 23, as may be judged from an aerial photograph.

In the summer of 1948 a temperature of 88°F. was read during the day, and

026      |      Vol_VI-0174                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

at night it frequently remained as high as 60°F. only two nights, during

the first half of August, the t h ermometer dipped to 30° 32° and there was a light

frost. Based upon such records, the isotherm for the summer of 1948 would

be decidedly over 50°F. (10°C). If such conditions recurred for a few years,

the vegetation no doubt would change, and even spruces could well introduce

themselves. But the summer of 1948 was extreme, and the normal summer isotherm

calculated over a period of twenty years would certainly give a much lower

figure. Near Hudson Bay there were no snow patches in the middle of July. On

the Kogaluk three patches were observed; in the valley between the Kogaluk and

Payne systems, none whatsoever. Near the Payne estuary there were still some

in the middle of August, which apparently persisted from one winter to the next.

The condition of vegetation in many habitats revealed the presence of snow

patches under normal conditions, but with the exceedingly warm and dry summer

recorded, their disappearance in 1948 required no further explanation. Further–

more, the differences in climatic and physiographic conditions between the

neighborhood of Hudson Bay, the center of the peninsula, and the neighborhood

of Ungava Bay, justifies the persistence of more numerous snow patches in the

Ungava Bay region. We may assume that in the immediate vicinity of Hudson and

Ungava bays, the maritime climate allows for a greater precipitation in winter

than in the interior, say between Payne Lake and Tasiak Lake. In summer, the

proximity of the sea favors the maintenance of a lower temperature along the

Hudson Bay and Ungava Bay coasts; consequently snow patches melt easily in

the center rather than near the shore. Near the mouth of the Kogaluk, where

the climate favors the preservation of snow patches, there are practically no

sheltered places where snow could be protected. Such places are more numerous

toward Ungava Bay. The factors conditioning the accumulation and conservation

027      |      Vol_VI-0175                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

of snow patches inevitably will have some influence upon the vegetation. In

the tundra, strong winds prevail and are sometimes sever enough to prevent

canoe portage. When the sky is overcast the wind is cold, but after a few

consecutive days of sunshine the wind has the warmth of hot air from a furnace

and has a highly dehydrating capacity. This has a manifest effect upon the

lichen polygons.

        Soil . Bare rock surfaces are numerous, but the areas covered or [ ?] by

vegetation or at least by soil predominate. Among the sediments, mention

must be made of sand and clay loams of glacial origin, and also of marine

origin. The latter are on the Hudson Bay side where at least two fossiliferous

terraces were found at the first falls of any importance, twenty miles inland

(2). No fossils were observed along terraces of the Payne estuary. If they

are of fluviomarine origin, as they appear to be, this does not necessarily

mean that they were built during an azoic period. In fact, even today, although

the Kogaluk and Payne flow through a “living” country and harbor a rich ichthyo–

logical fauna (considered from the point of view of quantityt), neither mollusk

shells nor fish skeletons were observed along the river beaches, except in the

regions of brackish estuary. In addition to the sand and clay formations of

glacial or fluviomarine origin, a thin humic soil is formed on rock by the de–

composition of vegetation. Depressions are sometimes filled with peat. Cli–

matic conditions are responsible for the following modifications of the soil;

solifluction, soil polygons, tundra ostioles, and ochreous holes.

        Tundra and Peat Bogs . Leandri in 1948 (40), following von Bulow in 19 3 2 9,

considers the tundra as a type of peat bog which receives its water from the

permafrost. It is to be noted that plants of peat bogs and the tundra are to

028      |      Vol_VI-0176                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

a certain extent the same, as for instance Ledeum groenlandicum and other members

of the family. If to classify a habitat as a peat bog we rely mainly on erica–

ceous elements, dry quartzite hills of Nova Scotia would be peat bogs, because

Ledum groenlandicum and Kalmia angustifolia are found in such habitats as well,

accompanied by other plants such as Drosera rotundifolia , D. intermedia , Viola

lancelo [ ?]lata , and even Sarracenia purpurea , when the roots have had a chance to

establish themselves in small pockets of humid Sphagnum . Nor is the presence

of a subsoil of organic matter the main character, since such subsoils are found

in all the drained forests which have nothing at all to do with peat bogs.

        It is often in the driest sections of the tundra that peat-bog elements

are the most characteristic. The main element on the surface in the Kogaluk and

Payne regions is often a mixture of lichens of the genus Cladonia which are popu–

larly known as “caribou moss.” These, with some of their associates, should be

considered as floristic elements of dry habitats rather than of peat bogs. If

they occur in peat bogs, it is only in the driest sections. Typical peat bog

normally increases in thickness, which is not the case with the tundra, where

the coat of organic matter over the permafrost is generally thin. Although

there is water in the tundra subsoil, resulting from the melting of icy loam,

the surface itself generally remains dry and more exposed to oxidation than the

permanently watered humus in peat bogs. Of course, in certain parts of the

tundra, there could be peat bogs owing to the accumulation of humus in poorly

drained depressions, but we should not lump the dry tundra with the peat bog.

        The word “tundra” asks also for supplementary precision, as it really has

two meanings. It could apply to the whole of the arctic region which is destitute

of trees. In this sense, it is [ ?] i n opposition to the forested regions and covers

029      |      Vol_VI-0177                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

all lakes, rivers, and the tidal zone, as well as arctic meadows. It is then

a region. Likewise, when considering the “boreal forest,” from a climatic

point of view and not as a forest, we include in this term the lakes, rivers,

peat bogs, and the true forest. The second meaning of tundra is that of the

localized habitat, either dry or humid, of the arctic region discussed in the

first part of this paragraph. Consequently, in the tundra considered as a

region we find the following habitats: dry and humid tundra (in the restricted

sense) peat bogs, lakes, rivers, brooks, shores, tidal flats, rocky exposures,

and so on. In this article, “tundra” is employed only in the restricted sense.

        Solifluction and Marshy Areas . The upper limit of the permafrost, in this

sector, in 1948, lies at a depth of 15 to 18 inches in the clayey areas entirely

covered by vegetation, according to Gadbois’ observations (23). When a slight

slope occurs, the surface soil with its cover of water-soaked vegetation will

slide a little after thawing. The phenomenon of solifuction is responsible for

the establishment of marshes made of the more or less parallel bands of vegeta–

tion so distinctive in appearance when viewed from the air (81).

        Soil Polygons . Of considerable interest also are the wide soil polygons,

so common south of Leaf River, but also present in the Kogaluk-Payne territory.

The oversized polygons are composed mainly of a whitish carpet of Cladonia sur–

rounded by a shrubby border of Betula glandulosa, Salix and other small scrubby

plants, like Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus . Their forma–

tion could well be the same as that of reticulate soils denuded of vegetation,

which consist of polygons with a border of pebbles larger than those in the

center. The steps in the construction of these polygons are apparently the fol–

lowing: The soils impregnated with water expand with the first frosts; with

the very low temperatures in winter, there is a contraction and the soil covering

030      |      Vol_VI-0178                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

is cut into polygons. With a thawing of the surface, the border of the polygon

is partly washed, in consequence of which a reticulate superficial ditch is

produced. This ditch, in the summer, favors the concentration of humidity, and

the shrubs will grow there more easily than in the dry center (78).

        Tundra Ostioles (Fig. 2). Where the soil is clayey, another phenomenon

occurs, which has some bearing on the vegetation. This results in the produc–

tion of numerous clay holes, from which, in the summer, water and plastic clay

exude. In small areas, there may be sometimes thousands of them. On account

of their resemblance, when seen from the air, with the stomata ostioles on a

surface of a leaf, the name of “tundra ostiole” was proposed (78). Their

formation could be explained as follows: when the clayey loam impregnated

with water freezes at the beginning of winter, the soil is not immediately

entirely frozen to the depth of the permafrost, but it must subsist for some

time as an unfrozen layer between two icy strata. The intermediate unfrozen

layer starts to freeze and there is a first expansion. The expansive strength

developed between the superficial layer and the pressure finds a value in the

weak spots. Some clay is pushed outside like the contents of a bottle of milk

left to freeze or a tube of tooth paste under pressure. The plants disturbed

in this area are exposed to be killed by frost. In spring, there will be a

more or less circular lifeless spot. Because the soil has no vegetation cover–

ing this spot, the soil thaws out more easily, and the water circulating between

the mud cracks will exude there, with some clay. The surface of the ostiole

is convex at first, owing to the internal pressure of the clay exudation, but

when in time it becomes concave, water accumulates in the concavity and algae

develop, mainly

031      |      Vol_VI-0179                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Floraand Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Gloeocapsa alpicola	Schizothrix lacustris
Gleocystis grevillei	S. purcellii
Nostoc commune	Scytonema myochrous
N. macrosporum	Stigonema ocellatum

Among the first phanerogams to ccupy these holes is Juncus albescens . The

tundra ostiole, although distinct from the ingo (Possild 1938) is a related

structure.

        Ochreous Holes . Of different origin are the reddish holes in the tundra,

of common occurrence between Fort Chimo and Payne Bay, which were named

ochreous holes (78). They are absolutely lifeless and are of interest to the

vegetation from a negative point of view. Unlike tundra ostioles, the ochreous

pits are neither round nor oval, but of diverse shapes. They are not formed

on movable soil but in places where the vegetation lies directly on gneissic

rock. The superficial holes contain angular or acicular pieces of rock, and,

because of their concave nature, water. It is not easy to known whether the

saucer-shaped holes are caused by the superficial breakage of limited portions

of the mother rock, on account of its contraction in winter, but the angular

and acicular pebbles owe their origin to frost. The pits are coated with ochre

which apparently comes from the pyrotine of the subjacent rock. By oxidation,

the pyrotine gives iron oxide (the base of ochre), sulfuric acid and hydrosul–

furic acid. The acids are toxic to plants and account for the lack of vegeta–

tion. The oxidation of pyrotine is perhaps also facilitated by some micro–

organism, a point which the author has not been able to verify.

        Cladonia Polygons (Fig. 1). These polygons have nothing to do with reti–

culate soil or with the soil polygons discussed above. They have no relation

to soil modifications and are of interest only for their actual vegetation cover.

The Cladonia , popularly caribou moss, which constitute the most important

032      |      Vol_VI-0180                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

elements of the tundra and the taiga, form extensive whitish carpets which,

from a distance, look like a covering of snow. In the early morning, when

they are imgregnated with dew, they constitute a continuous mattress and are

as soft as moist sponges; but when the sun heats the soil they become crisp

and breakable. At the same time, with the evaporation of the dew under the

sun’s action, they contract and the carpets divide for the whole day into a

number of polygonal “tiles.” The next night, with a fresh covering of dew,

the “floor” softens and spreads out again into a continuous carpet, which

divides again when it is dried by the sun. In many places this phenomenon,

as unnoticeable as the tide, occurs daily. However, in some parts of the

tundra, in especially dry places, there is not enough condensation at night

to produce any effect. This happens particularly in places which are contin–

uously swept by a dry, warm wind. With the breaking of the crests of the tiles

and the coming of rain there will be no resultant continuous carpet of Cladonia ,

but a rugose surface with the appearance of a gigantic piece of morocco leather.

These polygons generally have a diameter of 30 to 50 centimeters. For such

polygons, either diurnal or permanent, the name “lichen polygons” or better,

“ Cladonia polygons ” has been proposed.

        Economic Plants . Among edible plants, we find such berries as the baked–

apple ( Rubus chamaemorus ), the arctic-alpine blueberry ( Vaccinium uliginosum ),

the mountain cranberry ( V. vitis-idaea ), the rare cranberry ( V. oxycoccos ) and

in emergencies the less palatable bearberry ( Arctostaphylos alpina ) or the crow–

berry ( Empetrum nigrum ). The only edible roots are those of the alpine knot–

grass ( Polygonum viviparum ), which have a vague hazelnut flavor, and in some

other sectors perhaps, but not in the parts surveyed by the author, those of

033      |      Vol_VI-0181                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

the licorice root ( Hedysarum alpinum ), with a licorice-like flavor. The

yellow root of the woolly lousewort ( Pedicularis lanata ) is eaten much like

the carrot. Among leafy edible plants, mention must be made of the mountain

sorrel ( Oxyria digyna ), of relatively poor food value but having a delicious

acid flavor, the scurry grass ( Cochlearia groenlandica ) rich in vitamin con–

tent, and the northern fireweed (Epilobium latifolium), which may be prepared

like spinach. A common edible mushroom is Boletus scaber , but another species

closely related to it is regarded with some suspicion. The “tripe-de-roche”

or rock tripe (different species of Umbilicaria or Gyrophora ) give a gelatin–

ous substance after boiling and cooling off, but in some instances it may be

necessary to add a pinch of sodium of bicarbonate to counteract its laxative

effect.

        Reindeer moss ( Cladonia rangiferina ) and other Cladonia are good fodder

plants for the caribou (Fig. 3) and eventual herds of reindeer. Forest Indians

and Eskimos even eat the partially predigested foodstuff taken from animal

stomachs. The two species of lemmings live on the bark of the arctic birch

( Betula glandulosa ) and other vegetable substances; being themselves the staple

food of the white fox, they are of great economic importance and in fact con–

trol the fox cycle. As indicated by the stomach contents observed, the willow

ptarmigan relies mainly upon the leaves of arctic willows as well as on berries

and other plants (55).

        Fuel of vegetable origin includes the arctic birch ( Betula glandulosa ),

which because of the resinous matter in the leaves may be used even when

green; the creeping or rampant willows and alder, when dry, giving only a

rather poor flam [ ?] and in extreme cases, lichens, although they give a thick

034      |      Vol_VI-0182                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

white smoke and burn too rapidly. For fuel, the shrubs of the tundra are

far from inexhaustible (Fig. 4). Depending solely upon them, permanent

camps with several fires burning at the same time would have some difficulty

in keeping supplied. The heads of arctic cotton ( Eriophorum sp.) are used by

Eskimos as wicks in their soapstone oil maps. Other plants mainly Sphagnum

are reported to be employed also for this purpose.

        Coprophytic fungi . In specimens of arctic animal dung brought back by

the author from the Kogaluk and Payne districts, R. F. Cain found the follow–

ing fungi. On the dung of Canada goose: Ascobolus stercorarius ; on that of

the arctic hare, Chaetomium torulosum , Coniochaeta leucoplaca , Delitschia

marchalii , D. anerswaldii , Sporormia australis , S. corynespora , S. fimetaria ;

of the lemming, Chaetomium aureum , C. torulosum , C. cochlioides , C. globosum ,

C. funicolum , Sordaria fimicola , and a new species belonging to an undescribed

genus; of the caribou, Chaetomium aureum , C. torulosum , C. cochlioides , C. globo –

sum , and Coniochaeta discospora .

        Tundra Fires . Among the factors conditioning the tundra, none has such

importance as fire. During the day, when lichens are dry, a fire starts easily.

In only a few hours it can entirely destroy the vegetable cover and the humic

surface litter, leaving in its place bare rocks where a new crop of vegetation

will establish itself only in the course of time. It may take centuries in

some cases to return to the former stage. With the destruction of the tundra,

the disappearance of the lemming ensues, and consequently that of the white

fox, as well as that of the caribou and the ptarmigan.

       

Sectors of the Kogaluk and Payne Regions

        If we divide the arctic zone into high-arctic and low-arctic, the low–

arctic would no doubt apply to the Quebec-Labrador peninsula. The Kogaluk

035      |      Vol_VI-0183                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

and Payne river regions could naturally be divided into the following sectors:

( 1 ) entrance of the Kogaluk and adjacent territory on the Hudson Bay east

coast; ( 2 ) the Kogaluk from the first rapids to the head of Tasiak Lake; ( 3 )

the high land between the Kogaluk and Payne river systems. (This last sector

will overlap the artificial divisions of the Kogaluk and Payne rivers, based

only on the hydrographic systems, but is convenient for the floristic invent–

tory.) ( 4 ) the Payne River, from the head of Payne Lake to the tidal zone;

( 5 ) the Payne River and adjacent territory on Ungava Bay.

       

Entrance of the Kogaluk and Adjoining Coast

        The localities studied were those surrounding the Povungnituk Hudson’s

Bay Company post and the mouth of the Kogaluk River, sheltered by islands

from the open water of Hudson Bay.

        Halophitic Formations . At the Povungnituk post, on beaches occasionally

covered by brackish water, are found an abundance of plants customary in such

habitats, such as:

        Arenaria peploides var. diffusa

Elymus arenarius var. villosissimus

Mertensia maritima var. tenella

Potentilla egedii var. groenlandica

        There are also other species having no particular halophilous affinity, and

indicating a rather low degree of salinity, such as:

        Cerastium alpinum

Chrysanthemum arcticum

Matricaria inodora var. nana

        Primula laurentiana , which in Anticosti and along the Gaspe coast grows only

above the shore line; Sagina saginoides and Papaver radicatum , attracted by

the sandy loose soil; and Saxifraga rivularis f. hyperborea .

036      |      Vol_VI-0184                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation of in Quebec-Labrador

        Permanent brackish lagoons, soaked by the sea during the spring tides,

contain two aquatic species, Ranunculus pallasii and R. hyperboreus . Cer–

tain lagoons such as the large one behind the Povungnituk post, are filled

with brackish water only in the course of spring tides, being otherwise merely

humid. There the usual species appropriate to brackish marshes or at least

saline habitats are found:

        Carex lagopina

Carex subspathacea

Juncus albescens

Plantago juncoides var. decipiens , f. pygmaea

Primula egaliksensis

        associated with others belonging simply to humid clay or humid soil habitats

in general. These include

Carex membranacea	Pedicularis hirsuta
C. rariflora	Ranunculus pedatifidus
Chrysanthemum arcticum	Salix arctophila
Dupontia fisheri f. psilosantha	Saxifraga cernua
Eriophorum angustifolium	S. foliolosa
Gentiana tenella	S. hirculus
Juncus arcticus	S. rivularis
J. castaneus

        Freshwater Shores . At the entrance of the Kogaluk, behind the screen of

islands, the huge flow from the Kogaluk washes away nearly all salinity, even

within the tidal range. The real halophilous elements are missing excepting

perhaps Lathyrus japonicus and to a certain degree Primula egaliksensis . Below

the line of the high normal level, we find:

Draba nivalis	Sagina nodosa f. bulbillosa
Melandryum affine	Saxifraga rivularis
Primula laurentiana	Stellaria laeta
Sagina intermedia	S. monantha

        Above, between the shore line and the edge of the low bank, among the more con–

spicuous elements, where the lavender of the beach pea and the gold of the Oxy –

tropis dominate, we find:

037      |      Vol_VI-0185                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Armeria maritima var. labradorica	Potentilla palustris
Draba glabella	Primula egaliksensis
Lathyrus japonicas	P. laurentiana
Luzula spicata	Salix arctophila
Oxytropis maydelliana	S. cordifolia
Parnassia kotzebuei	Tanacetum huronense var. monocephalum
Pedicularis hirsuta

Of these plants Lathyrus japonicus and Oxytropis maydelliana have not been

found in the interior of the peninsula.

        Shore Slopes . Between the shore proper and the dry tundra lies a declivity

where the soil is naturally more crumbly and allows the growth of species found

only occasionally in the dry tundra. The most important elements of this habi–

tat are:

Antennaria angustata	P. labradorica
A. canescens	Phyllodoce caerulea
Astragalus alpinus	Polygenum viviparum
Campanula uniflora	Potentilla chamissonis
Eutreme edwardsii	P. hyparctica
Erigeron humilis	Pyrola grandiflora
Lycopodium annotinum var. pungens	Tanacetum huronense var. monocephalum
Melandryum affine
Oxytropis maydelliana	Taraxacum phymatocarpum
Pedicularis flammea	Trisetum spicatum

        Dry Tundra . On the top of the bank, the typical tundra of the coast begins,

as a slightly undulating meadow intermittently cut by granitic exposures. This

section of the tundra normally contains three habitats: the dry tundra, the

ponds, and the humid tundra. In the dry tundra, the base is a carpet of lichens,

mainly Cladonia alpestris intermixed with Pertusaria panygera , and other lichens

and mosses. From the carpet emerge three typ e s of plants: erect shrubs approx–

imately one to two feet high, prostrate shrubs, and herbaceous elements. The

most important shrubs among the tall and erect ones are:

        Betula glandulosa

Ledum palustre var. decumbens

Salix anglorum

S. planifolia

038      |      Vol_VI-0186                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Of these, Betula glandulosa is by far the most important and is the dominating

ligneous species in the tundra. The very small or completely prostrate shrubs

are:

Andromeda polifolia	Rubus chamaemorus
Arctostaphylos alpina	Salix reticulata var. semicalva
Cassiope tetragona	Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus
Empetrum nigrum	V. uliginosum var. alpinum
Rhododendron lapponicum

        The herbaceous elements consist mainly of the following:

Arctagrostis latifolia	Luzula confusa
Arenaria rubella	L. groenlandica
Calamagrostis canadensis	Lycopodium selago
Deschampsia caespitosa var. littorale	Oxytropis terrae novae
Diapensia lapponica	Pinguicula vulgaris
Dryas integrifolia	Poa arctica
Dryopteris fragrans	Saxifraga oppositifolia
Dupontia fisheri	S. tricuspidata
Epilobium latifolium	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Hierochloe alpina	Trisetum spicatum agg.

        Of these, Dryopteris fragrans is nearly restricted to the vertical faces of

rock exposures, Arenaria rubella is often the exclusive element of the surface

of the most sterile rocks, the Pinguicula grows in damp crevices of the rocks,

while in the interior it naturally grows in the muddy parts of the tundra. On

exposed rock, the normal elements are Diapensia , the two Saxifragae , and the

Silene .

        Tundra Ponds . Of small size, outside of algae, the ponds harbor only

Hippuris vulgaris , but this paucity of species may well be owing to local con–

ditions, as we will see by the study of inland examples. Growing among the

aquatic mosses are the following algae: Gloeocapsa dimidiata , Glaucocystis

nostochinearum , and Synechococcus aeruginosus . The bottoms of the shallow

ponds are frequently covered by granular masses of algae, giving the water a

special green color. In two different ponds, the algae lying under one foot

039      |      Vol_VI-0187                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

of water were: in the first pond, the association Gloeocapsa alpicola and

Gloedinium montanum, and, in the second pond, the association Gloeocapsa al–

picola and Plectonema nostocorum .

        Humid Tundra . The lasting humidity is owing to the fact that in small

depressions the water produced by the melting of the permafrost cannot easily

escape. Nevertheless, this habitat cannot be considered as a peat bog any more

than can the dry tundra, which contains many of the peat-bog elements that are

sometimes not found in the humid sections. Here we find:

Bartsia alpina	P. lapponica
Carex miliaris var. major	Poa arctica
C. subspathacea	Ranunculus lapponicus
Equisetum arvense f. irriguum	Salix anglorum
Eriophorum angustifolium	S. herbacea
E. scheuchzeri	Saxifraga aizoides
Habenaria obtusata var. collecteana	Tofieldia pusilla
Pedicularis flammea	Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum

        Damp rock surfaces . On the granitic rocks over which a thin film of water

flows, algal communities occur, such as:

Coccochloris stagnina f. rupestris	Schizothrix lacustris
Gloeocapsa alpicola	Scytonema crustaceum
Nostoc commune	S. figuratum

       

The Kogaluk River to Tasiak Lake

        The river, having an approximate length of 100 miles, may be described

as more or less a series of lakes, formed by glacial knolls which empty by

falls and rarely by rapids. Generally the narrow portion of river which unites

two lakes is rather swift, but does not itself contain any true rapids. The

shores of the Kogaluk are either narrow strips of gravelly and sandy beaches,

or accumulations of boulders, with occasional stretches of rock exposure.

These are the normal conditions at the more than twenty falls which cut the

040      |      Vol_VI-0188                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

river from its source to its mouth. On either side of the river normally

lies undulating tundra where dry formations alternate with humid formations

and rock exposures. In a few localities the shores are slightly hilly, but

with elevations rarely more than 100 or 200 feet higher than the river. In

several spots also, a vertical granitic cliff with a loose basal slope con–

stitutes a habitat inviting species of peculiar requirements. We will rapidly

pass in review the different habitats.

        Flowing Water . Only two cascular species are found in the river’s water:

Hippuris vulgaris f. fluviatilis and Ranunculus trichophyllus f. eradicatus .

They constitute the occasional feathery growth found at the river’s bottom

from its mouth to the source.

        Shores of the River (Fig. 5). Inundated over a part of the year, the

shores do not harbor many elements of the grassy tundra. A few having an af–

finity for wet habitats, such as Rubus chamaemorus , will establish themselves

occasionally in company of sand-loving elements, such as Arenaria rubella ,

Armeria maritima var. labradorica , and Empetrum nigrum . These are often found

in dry habitats, but can tolerate a short annual submersion, especially before

the definite start of the growing season. Among the shore elements the most

striking feature in the 75 miles of the lower Kogaluk is the complete absence

of Alnus . East of this point is found the first grove of Alnus crispa , about

six feet high, along one of the very rare rivulets flowing into the Kogaluk.

The plant then becomes more and more common along the shoreline and the embank–

ment, where it generally ranges in height from one to three feet. Amongst the

Antennaria , a new species A. rousseauii , described by A. E. Porsild (60), re–

veiled itself to be common, not only along the Kogaluk and the Payne, but also

041      |      Vol_VI-0189                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

along the George, surveyed the year before by Rousseau. No doubt it is as

common an Ungava element as A. angustata , A. canescens , and A. isolepis . The

flora of the shore, where Cardamine bellidiflora and Tanacetum huronense var.

monocephalum are perhaps the most characteristic elements, may be summarized

as follows:

Agrostis borealis	L. wahlenbergii
Alnus crispa	Lycopodium annothum var. pungens
Antennaria angustata	O [ ?] xyria diagyna
A. canescens	Oxytropis terrae-novae
A. isolepis	Parnassia kotzebuei
Arenaria rubella	Poa arctica
Armeria maritima var. labradorica	Potentilla palustris var. parviflora
Arnica plantaginea	P. palustris var. villosa
Bartsia alpina	P. tridentata
Calamagrostis canadense var. arcta	Primula egaliksensis
Campanula uniflora	Ranunculus pygmaeus
Cardamine bellidifolia	R. reptans
Carex bigelowii	Rubus acaulis
C. bigelowiii f. anguillata	R. chamaemorus
C. brunnescens	Salix arctophila
C. lagopina var. debilis	S. cordifolia var. callicarpaea
C. rariflora	S. herbacea
C. tenuiflora	S. planifolia
Cassiope hypnoides	S. reticulata var. semicalva
Cerastium alpinum	Saxifraga cespitosa f. uniflora
C. berringianum	S. hirculus
Deschampsia caespitosa	Sibbaldia procumbens
D. flexuosa	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Elymus arenarius var. villosus	Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea
Empetrum nigrum	Stellaria crassipes
Erigeron humilis	Tanacetum huronense var. monocephalum
Festuca brachyphylla	Taraxacum ceratophorum
Gnaphalium supinum	T. lacerum
Hierochloe alpina	Trisetum spicatum agg.
Juncus filiformis var. pusillus	Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum
Luzula groelandica	V. vitis-idaea var. minus
	Veronica alpina var. unalaschensis

        In a spring oozing from the gravelly shores, the algal flora contains among

other species, Microspora stagnorum and Mougeotia parvula . Although lichens,

for the major part, are plants of dry habitats, Buellia occidentalis (which

grows also on the humid ostioles as well as on dry granitic rocks), is a common

042      |      Vol_VI-0190                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

species on boulders of the shore submerged under one to three feet of water

during the spring and the first part of summer. Also Cetaria hepatizon is a

common inhabitant of the undersides of the shore-line boulders. The bryophytic

flora of the gneissic and granitic rocks of the shore contains Tetraplodon

mniodes .

        Shore Embankment . Many of the preceding species may grow on shore embank–

ments and are not necessarily characteristic of the low areas. Such is the

case with species of the preceding list belonging to the generae Alnus, Anten–

naria, Armeria, Arnica, Erigeron, Lycopodium, Oxytropis, Oxyria, Parnassia,

Rubus, Salix, Sibbaldia, Trisetum , and Vernoica , which contain the majority of

the species in the preceding list. Accompanying these are Arctostaphylos alpina ,

Carex capitata , Phyllodoce coerulea , and some others which are simply escaping

from the dry tundra crowning the bank. The species most typical of embankments

are:

Astragalus alpinus	P. lapponica
Campanula uniflora	Polygonum viviparum
Cornus suedica	Potentilla hyparctica
Dryopteris fragrans	Primula laurentiana
Epilobium angustifolium f. intermedium	Saxifraga rivularis
Equisetum arvense var. boreale	Senecio palustris var. congestus
Luzula wahlenbergii	Stellaria calycantha
Papaver radicatum	Taraxacum lapponicum
Pedicularis flammea

        Of these, Papaver radicatum , the Primula , and Senecio palustris var. congestus

do not apparently penetrate more than twenty miles into the interior. Sometimes

the shore embankments are almost devoid of vegetation, showing only a few green

spots where Betula glandulosa dominates.

        Dry Tundra in the Lowlands . This is approximately the same as the tundra

in the maritime district at the entrance of the Kogaluk, but some elements like

Oxytropis maydelliana are definitely absent. The shrubs are the thirteen species

043      |      Vol_VI-0191                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

already mentioned for the entrance of the Kogaluk, with Betula glandulosa

dominating and accompanied by such important additions as Ledum groelandicum ,

Salix herbacea , S. uva-ursi and S. brachycarpa (Fig. 6). The more or less

herbaceous elements are mainly:

Bartsia alpina	Lycopodium selago
Campanula uniflora	Pedicularis Flammea
Carex bigelowii	Phyllodoce coerulea
C. capitata	Polygonum viviparum
C. holostoma	Pyrola grandiflora
Cassiope hypnoides	Rubus chamaemorus
Cornus suecica	Saxifraga cernua
Diapensia lapponica	S. tricuspidata
Dryas integrifolia	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Epilobium latifolium	Taraxacum umbrinum
Equisetum arvense var . boreale	Tofieldia pusilla
Eriophorum rousseauianum	Veronica alpina var. unalaschensis
E. spissum

        Among these elements of the dry tundra, we notice such plants as the Eriophorum

which normally belong to moist habitats. This may be explained as follows:

        Cladonia alpestris

C. coccifera

        and other lichens such as:

        Electoria ochroleuca

Cetraria nivalis

        and Icmadophila ericetorum , and among phanerogams, Saxifraga tricuspidata ,

Diapensia lapponica , and Silene acaulis . It is also a wet habitat to plants

which, like Eriophoru [l ?]m , have a root system penetrating deeply into the soil,

to a depth where the icy subsoil, continuously melting, creates a marshy condi–

tion. Boletus scaber is the most common mushroom in the tundra, and Amanitopsis

vaginata is also frequent.

        Highland Exposures . The highlands are only rocky hills about 100 to 200

feet higher than the river. They are partly the same as those mentioned in

044      |      Vol_VI-0192                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

the preceding paragraph, except that we must draw attention to the presence

[ ?] of species, such as Cardamine bellidifolia , which are quite an important

element along sandy shores, and a few species which have not been found near

the Hudson Bay shore. An example of these last is Anemone richardsoni . The

plants of rocky hills are:

Anemone richardsoni	Festuca brachyphlla
Arenaria humifusa	Hierochloe alpina
Antennaria angustata	Juncus albescens
Calamagrostis canadensis	Luzula confusa
Cardamine bellidifolia	L. parviflora
Cerastium alpinum	L. wahlenbergii
Carex bigelowii	Pedicularis lapponica
C. brunnescens	Poa arctica
C. capitata	P. glauca
C. saxatilis	Potentilla chamissonis
C. saxatilis var. laxa (syn. C. procerula )	Phyllodoce caerulea
	Pyrola grandiflora
Cassiope tetragona	Salix herbacea
Cystopteris fragilis	S. planifolia
Diapensia lapponica	Saxifraga foliolosa
Draba fladnizensis	S. rivularis
Dryopteris fragrans	S. nivalis
Epilobium angustifolium f. intermedium	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
	Solidago macrophylla var. thyrosoidia
Eriophorum spissum	Taraxacum lacerum
Euphrasia arctica	Vaccinium uliginosum var. pubescens

        On humid hills two important mosses are Preissia quadrata and Sphagnum girgen–

sohnii .

        Humid Tundra . Many of the elements of the dry tundra will likewise appear

in this section, mainly Rhododendron lapponicum , Andromeda polifolia , Vaccinium

uliginosum , and Salix planifolia ,-but the most characteristic elements in the

humid sections of the tundra are:

Agrostis borealis	E. spissum
Arnica plantaginea	Habenaria obtusata var. collectanea
Bartsia alpina	Pinguiscula villosa
Carex rotundata	P. vulgaris
C. salina	Potentilla Palustris var. villosa
C. tenuiflora	Rhododendron lapponicum
Cornus suecica	Salix arctophila
Eriophorum angustifolium	Tofieldia pusilla

045      |      Vol_VI-0193                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Humid Slopes at the Base of Cliffs . Different from the humid parts of

the low tundra are the gravelly slopes at the base of cliffs or under a neve,

from which water continuously oozes. Some of the elements are those of the

shore embankment, probably because that habitat, as far as irrigation goes,

is about the same ;e others are typical of the rocky exposures. On account of

the crevices through which water continually trickles, some of these gravelly

slopes are really moist habitats. Here are the main species:

Anemone richardsoni	Pedicularis lapponica
Cardamine bellidifolia	Petasites palmatus
Cerastium alpinum	Pinguicula villosa
C. arvense	Poa arctica
Cystopteris fragilis	Ranunculus nivalis
Draba nivalis	R. pygmaeus
Luzula confusa	Rubus acaulis
L. wahlenbergii	Saxifraga cernua
Lycopodium selago	S. rivularis
Oxyria digyna	Veronica alpina var. unalaschensis

        Tundra Ponds . Compared with the small ponds studied at the entrance of

the Kogaluk, the tundra ponds here are richer and contain:

Carex aquatilis var. stans	R. gmelini var. hookeri
Hippuris vulgaris	Sparganium hyperboreum
Ranunculus pallasii	Utricularia ochroleuca

        Among algae are found Gloeocapsa dimidiata and Ophrydium sp. parasitized by

Zoochlorella parasitica . In the muddy sections, Plectonema nostocorum , Ana–

cystis firma and Desmonema wrangelii grow amongst decaying Stigonema . In places

Gloeocystis grevillei may cover the surface of the dried ponds, while the liver–

wort Gymnocolea inflata grows in the ponds.

        Alpine Gullies . In a way, the flora of these is somewhat related to that

of low shore embankments, and of the tundra itself. Some elements, however, like

Epilobium hornemanni , Cardamine pratensis var. angustifolia , Carex lagopina , and

Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea , seem to show a preference for this type of

046      |      Vol_VI-0194                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

habitat where snow lasts longer, and which, in the absence of real brooks,

may constitute an outlet for the tundra toward the main stream. If there is

a flowing rivulet, its bed is generally occupied by Viola pallens . Some of

these inland depressions are true centers of accumulated snow. The flora

starts developing only late in the season although sometimes the area becomes

quite dry. The species which will accept such adverse conditions most easily

are:

Agrostis borealis	Ranunculus allenii
Antennaria rousseauii	Salix anglorum
Carex canescens	Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea
C. lagopina
C. miliaris	Stellaria calycantha
Cardamine pratensis var. palustris	Tanacetum huronense var. monocephalum
Cerastium beringianum
Pedicularis lapponica	Trisetum spicatum
Rubus acaulis

        The characteristic algae of the alpine gullies in rivulets are Lyngbya ochracea

(also found at Fort Chimo in the same habitat), Microspora stagnorum , Zygnema

leiospermum , and species of Mougeotia and Spirogyra , both sterile at the moment

of gathering. Among funi, Panixa corium grows in the grassy formations.

        Eskers . A very specialized habitat is the esker, consisting of loose soil

exposed to the sun on both sides, and therefore an exceedingly dry habitat. The

number of species harbored there is very small, and in some instances on the

summit there are hardly more than a dozen. The most characteristic are:

Arctostaphylos alpina	Oxytropis terrae-novae
Betula glandulosa	Pedicularis labradorica
Carex bigelowii	Salix uva-ursi
C. capitata	Vaccinium uliginosum var. alpinum
Empetrum nigrum	V. vitis-idaea var. minus

        In these habitats, Betula glandulosa is very small in stature except on the

slopes (Fig. 3).

047      |      Vol_VI-0195                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

       

Height of land between the Kogaluk and Payne rivers

        Between Lake Tasiak and the source of the Kogaluk, and the large Payne

Lake, some 60 miles long, there were about 25 miles to portage (Fig. 7). The

fact that the canoes were put to use more than 30 times during this interval

indicates that the country is cut by numerous lakes, and also by small streams.

Some stretches of water were no more than a few hundred feet long, but a couple

extended for two or three miles. The whole region is occupied by low hills

separated by valleys offering a decrease in height from approximately 300 to

100 feet. The flora is almost the same as along the Kogaluk, and we found

habitats which approximately correspond to the humid or dry shores, shore em–

bankment, dry and humid tundra, and, in great abundance, rocky gneissic ex–

posures. Nevertheless, many species were found which were not previously noted

along the Kogaluk. This could be attributed to the fact that this lengthy

portage, lasting over five days, allowed a more exhaustive sampling of the

flora. The new elements from the shores of small lakes were:

Antennaria ungavensis	C. lagopina
Carex williamsii	Eriophorum angustifolium

        In the dry tundra Loiseleuria procumbens and Taraxacum hyperboreum were observed.

On the humid slope, where formations of Linnaea borealis and Lycopodium complana–

tum and the violets appeared as advanced outposts of the subarctic habitats, the

following were found:

Calamagrostis canadensis var. arcta	Linnaea borealis var. americana
Carex lagopina
C. norvegica var. inserrulata	Lycopodium complanatum var. canadense
C. saltuensis
C. saxatilis	Scirpus caespitosus var. callesus
Deschampsia atropurpurea
Juncus biglumis	Viola labradorica
J. castaneus	V. selkirkii

        And finally on rocky exposures, Woodsia ilvensis .

048      |      Vol_VI-0196                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Among the noteworthy algae in the ponds are Plectonema nostocorum , Schizo–

thrix lamyi and Stigonema panniforme .

        Zygnema stellinum is an element of the swift brooklets. The depressions

of the old clayey ostioles contain:

Gloeocapsa alpicola	Nostoc macrosporum
Gloeocystis grevillei	Schizothrix purcellii

        On the humid slope of mountains, Ankistrodesmus spiralis grows with Dicho–

thrix orsiniana and Zygnema sp.

        Lichens are particularly abundant in this habitat. Buellia occidentalis

is to be noted on the humid clayey ostioles, while the following are found in

the dry tundra:

Alectoria jubata	C. coccifera
A. ochroleuca	Dactylina arctica
Cetraria islandica	Nephroma arcticum
C. nivalis	Sphaerophorus fragilis
Cladonia alpestris	Stereocaulon alpinum
C. mitis

        On humid slopes of hills we find:

Cladonia coccifera	Psoroma hypnorum
C. gracilis var. chordalis	Solorina crocea
Nephroma arcticum	Stereocaulon alpinum

        On the granitic rocks in the tundra are:

Cetraria hiascens	Haematomma lapponicum
Cladonia amaurocraea	Parmelia centrifuga
C. bellidiflora	Umbilicaria hyperborea

        In the bryophytic flora of this area, are found among other species, in

the dry tundra, Rhacomitrium lanuginosum , and on humid slopes of hills, the fol–

lowing:

049      |      Vol_VI-0197                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Aulacomnium palustre	Lophozia ventricosa
Barbilophozia hatcheri	Pleurozium schreberi
Blepharostoma tricophyllum	Pohlia nutans
Calliergonella sarmentosum	Polytrichum juniperinum var. alpestre
C. schreberi
Drepanocladus uncinatus	Preissia quadrata
Dicranum bonjeani	Ptilidium cilliare
D. elongatum	Sphagnum compactum
D. fuscescens	S. girgensohnii
D. scoparium	S. robustum
Fissidens osmundioides	Sphenolobus minutes
	Temmoma setiforme

In the humid border of lakes and ponds are:

Calliergon sarmentosum	Pohlia drummondii
C. stramineum	Preissia quadrata
Drepanocladus aduncus var. typicus	Scapania paludora
D. exannulatus	Sphagnum squarrosum
D. uncinatus var. typicus	Sphenolobus minutus
Pogonatum alpinum

       

Payne River from Source to Estuarine Zone

        This area of the country appears in the interior as a plateau, a few feet

above the river, but even when the river approaches the coast and becomes lower

in altitude, the plateau keeps more or less to its old level (Figs 8 and 9). The

flora does not differ essentially from that already observed along the Payne and

in the territory lying between the Kogaluk and the Payne, if we note the fact

that Alnus crispa and Betula glandulosa become more and more luxuriant as we pro–

ceed eastwards towards Ungava Bay, except below the estuary where they practically

disappear. Another fact also is the presence of more temperate elements such as:

        Dryopteris disjuncta

Equisetum sylvaticum var.

pauciramosum

Galium labradoricum

Petasites palmatus

Ribes glandulosum

Vaccinium caespitosum

050      |      Vol_VI-0198                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Other noteworthy species not previously listed for the Kogaluk system

include the following, growing on gravelly or sandy flats and rare sand dunes:

Arabis arenicola	Carex bicolor
Arenaria groenlandica	Epilobium glandulosum
Calamagrostis lacustris	E. palustre
C. neglecta	Potentilla tridentate
Campanula rotundifolia	Stellaria laeta

        Growing under Alnus crispa groves six to eight feet high on humid soil are:

Carex miliaris var. aurea	Senecio pauciflorus var. atropurpureus
Coptis groenlandica
Sagina linnaei	Vaccinium oxycoccos

        On humid shores are:

Chrysosplenium tetrandrum	Stellaria longipes and f. humilis
Eleocharis acicularis
Pedicularis groenlandica	S. monantha and ssp. atlantica
Ranunculus hyperboreus	S. subvestita

        Arctagrostis latifolia grows in tundra depression as well as on the shoreline,

while Deschampsia atropurpurea inhabits gneissic shores. In dry tundra, Carex

rupestris grows amid Cladonia , and the fairly common Pedicularis labradorica

with occasional Oxytropis terrae-novae , Carex membranacea borders cool brooks,

C. scirpoidea covers the dry roche moutonne e , Sagina caespitosa grows in associa–

tion with Juncus albescens in the clayey ostioles previously described. Euphrasia

arctica and Dupontia fisheri f. micrantha grow together on the littoral line.

Cerastium alpinum is found in the different habitats from the shore to the dry

tundra. The sandy or gravelly habitats support three varieties of Calamagrostis

canadensis (var. arcta , var. robusta , var. scabra ), Antennaria rousseauii abounds

along dry shores and alternates with the extensive formations of Eriophorum

scheuchzeri in the humid parts. Sometimes a sandy, humid shore is covered with a

thin, peaty bed in which Ranunculus lapponicus freely establishes itself. Of the

shore elements, Papaver radicatum , not seen in the interior, reappears a few miles

051      |      Vol_VI-0199                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

above the brackish estuary. Tanacetum huronense , a characteristic element

along the Kogaluk, is absent here. in the river itself, to a depth of four

to eight feet, long threads of Hippuris vulgaris f. fluviatilis and Ranunculus

s trichophllus , the latter reaching many feet in length, color parts of the

normally white bed a dark green, as seen through the clear water. Ranunculus

trichophyllus flowers well even under water, and the petals carried away by

the current accumulate in some places and form a long band, several inches in

width, along the shoreline.

        In this territory are found the following algae in the thin film of water

flowing on the granitic roche moutonee :

Calothrix parietina	Stigonema panniforme
Gloeocapsa alpicola	Synechococcus aeruginosus

        In cold springs filled with Sphagnum , mixed with sterile Mougeotia , Spirogyra , and

Zygnema , occur Microspora stagnorum and Palmodictyon viride .

        On the still submerged or emerging shore grow:

Entophysalis brebissonii	Schizothrix purcelli
Microspora stagnorum	Scytonema figuratum
Mougeotia elegantula	Stigonema panniforme

        In the tundra ponds grow sterile Mougeotia and Osdogonium , with Microspora

stagnorum and Oocystis solitaria . Finally on the boulders and caribou horns

in dry habitats occur:

        Protococcus viridis

Stichococcus bacillaris

S. subtilis

        Among the fungi, Boletus scaber is the common mushroom of the dry tundra,

growing with Calvatia cretacea and Omphalia fibuloides . On the sandy elevations

there occurs Lycoperdon umbrinum , and on the humid sandy shore, Humarina sp.

(apparently a new species).

052      |      Vol_VI-0200                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        The main lichens encountered in the dry tundra are Cladonia gracilis

var. elongata , Dactylyna arctica , and those previously mentioned (in similar

habitats); and, on the granitic rocks of the tundra,

Buellia occidentalis	Umbilicaria cylindrica
Parmelia centrifuga	U. hyperborea
P. omphaloides	U. torrefacta
Rhizocarpon geographicum

        To elements of the bryophytic flora already mentioned for other parts

of the territory must be added Polytrichum piliferum , growing on sandy embank–

ments of the river with Pogonatum capillare .

        Sphagnum lindberggii is found on the gneissic rocks and Dicranoweizia

crispula on humid slopes in the tundra.

       

Payne River Estuary

        From the mouth of the Payne, in Kayak Bay, to the point where the tidal

current flows inland, the distance is approximately fifty miles. At this point

there is no trace of rapids at high tides, at which time the shore is submerged

under brackish water. Beyond this brackish shore lies a zone seldom attained

by high water, and beyond this a rocky bank, the crest of which is covered by

tundra when it is not simply a rocky exposure consisting of ferruginous schists

or serpentine. On either shore of the river the hills reach a few hundred feet

in height, and bear scattered snow patches which ordinarily last from one winter

to another (Fig. 10).

        Tidal Zone . Only a few plants inhabit this zone, and some of them do not

belong exclusively to this habitat. This, for instance, is the case of Armeria

maritima var. labradorica , usually a plant of sandy areas, and Cardamine belli–

difolia , a common species of the river shores in the interior. In their company

grow Arenaria peploides var. diffusa , Carex glareosa , Cochlearia officinalis var.

053      |      Vol_VI-0201                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

arctica , Plantago juncoides var. decipiens , Puccinellia phryganodes , Poa alpina ,

Stellaria crassifolia , and occasionally Arctogrostis latifolia . In the normally

submerged brackish habitat, the most noteworthy algae seem to be Cladophora

glomerata , Entocladia polymorpha , and Entophysalis brebissonii .

        Shore Above the Tidal Zone . Above the ordinary tidal zone lies a section

of the shore which is only occasionally reached by water. This usually occurs

during the high spring tides or after the breakup of ice when the level of the

river is very high. It is difficult in such circumstances to judge whether the

action of the brackish water has much influence there. In some sectors the

beach is habitally humid, and harbors:

Anemone parviflora	Juncus albescens
Arnica plantaginea	J. castaneus
Carex atrofusca	Parnassia kotzebuei
C. membranacea	Salix arctophila
C. norvegica var. inserrulata	S. calcicola
C. rotundata	S. reticulata var. semicalva
Equisetum variegatum	Saxifraga oppositifolia

        Of the preceding the Arnica is frequently infested by Sphaerotheca humuli var.

fuliginea . On humid clayey slopes of terraces, the dominant element is Sibbaldia

procumbens , at times associated with Epilobium anagallidifolium and Caloplaca

subolivacea , a lichen. On sandy or schistous shores, just above the littoral line,

we usually find Cerastium alpinum , C. arvense , Melandrium affine , and Puccinellia

phryganodes . On the roche moutonnee of the shore but higher than the tidal zone,

an interesting fungus is Paxina sulcata , with abundant Alectoria ochroleuca , a lichen.

        The rocky shore is generally formed of a gneissic roche moutonnee or a soft

green schist. The formations are here much richer than inequivalent habitats

along the Kogaluk or the Payne above the estuary, as may be judged from the fol–

lowing list:

054      |      Vol_VI-0202                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Antennaria angustata	Luzula confusa
A. canescens	Melandrium affine
Arabis alpina	Oxyria digyna
A. arenicola	O. foliolosa
Arenaria rubella	O. podocarpa
Arnica plantaginea	Papaver radicatum
Astragalus alpinus	Parnassia kotzebuei
A. eucosmus	Pedicularis hirsuta
Campanula rotundifolia	P. flammea
C. uniflora	Poa alpina
Cardamine bellidiflora	P. glauca
Carex lagopina	Potentilla hyparctica
C. langeana	P. nivea
C. maritima	Puccinellia paupercula
C. nardina	Ranunculus pedatifidus var. leiocarpus
C. norvegica var. inserrulata
C. rupestris	Rhododendron lapponicum
Cerestium alpinum	Salix calcicola
C. beringianum	S. reticulata var. semicalva
C. cerastoides	Saxifraga caespitosa
Cochlearia officinalis var. groenlandica	S. cernua
S. nivalis
Cystopteris fragilis	S. oppositifolia
Draba glabella var. typica and var. brachycarpa	S. rivularis
S. tricuspidata
D. nivallis	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Dryas integrifolia	Stellaria laeta
Dryopteris fragrans	S. longipes
Erigeron humilis	Taraxacum ceratophorum
Euphrasia arctica	T. lacerum
Eutrema edwardsii	Trisetum spicatum
Gentiana tenalla

As the rocky shore is generously supplied [ ?] with water percolating from above,

some elements from the ordinary wet habitats succeed here as well. The Gentiana

mentioned above is the diminutive form of Gentiana tenella described by Aven

Nelson as G. monantha . It grows in grassy mats above the shore.

        The lichen flora contains, among other species:

Caloplaca elegans	Stereocaulon denudatum
Lecanora contractula	Umbilicaria hyperborea
L. polytropa f. ecrustacea

        and in the bryophytic flora such a universal species as Ceratodon purpureus .

055      |      Vol_VI-0203                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Of all habitats surveyed in the Payne and Kogaluk rivers, this is doubtless

the richest in number of species, but surprisingly enough it does not seem to

suit Betula glandulosa and Alnus crispa . Furthermore, of the dominant species

at the entrance of the Kogaluk, Lathyrus japonicus and Oxytropis maydelliana

seem to be completely absent here.

        The cracks of the quartz blocks on the shore are filled by a gelatinous

cement of a metallic blue-green color containing the following algal association:

Gloeocapsa alpicola	Schizothrix lacustris
Nostoc microscopicum	Stigonema minutum

        Rocky Highlands . The rocky highlands comprise four types. The one of

serpentine does not apparently harbor any special plant not found in the vicinity,

on green schists or ferruginous exposures. In addition to this type of rock,

there are to be considered the schistose hills, the cliffs of finely broken

schists, and the ferruginous exposures.

        The flora of the schistose hills is for the greater part a repetition of

elements along the rocky shore beyond ordinary tidal influence, with a few excep–

tions such as Oxytropis podocarpa , which is here missing. The Astragalus , Cam–

panula , Draba , Saxifraga , Silene , Pedicularis , and Ranunculus listed above, as

well as Carex nardina , C. rupestris , Oxytropis foliolosa , and Potentilla nivea

are all common. The dominating shrubs are:

Rhododendron lapponicum	S. herbacea
Salix cordifolia	S. uva-ursi

        Among the herbaceous elements where Saxifraga aizoon and Carex scirpoides tend

to dominate, while Kobresia myosuroides is of extremely rare occurrence, the

following seem to be restricted to the highlands in this sector:

056      |      Vol_VI-0204                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Arenaria rossii	P. lapponica
Bartsia alpina	Sagina caespitosa
Carex scirpoidea	Saxifraga aizoon var. neogaea f. frigida
Draba fladnizensis
Kobresia myosuroides	Taraxacum umbrinum
Pedicularis lanata	Tofieldia pusilla
	Woodsia glabella

        On broken schist, none of the endemic species found in equivalent habitats

at Mont Saint-Pierre in Gaspe Peninsula appear to occur. Of the elements found

here which are widely disperse, Equisetum arvense var. boreale is the most uni–

formly distributed. In some sections Draba rupestris dominates, and, in others,

Cerastium cerastoides . Additional species characteristic of this habitat are:

Carex lagopina	Koenigia islandica
C. lagopina var. debilis	Poa alpina
Catabrosa algida	Luzula spicata
Cerastium alpinum	Ranunculus hyperboreus
Euphrasia arctica	R. nivalis

        At the base of these broken schists is a zone of drainage where the algal

association contains: Schizothrix heufleri , S. purcellii , Stigonema panniforme ,

with, as associates, the bryophytes Calliergon sarmentosum , Grimmia apocarpa

var. alpicola , and Marchantea polymorpha .

        On rusty colored ferruginous hills, in addition to the common Saxifraga

oppositifolia , are a few species which, although they are apparently absent

from other rocky exposures, are so abundant just here that they give the habi–

tat a distinctive aspect. They are:

Arenaria humifusa	Draba alpina
A. rubella f. epilis	D. fladnizensis var.
Braya purpurascens	heterotricha

        With them grow the lichens Buellia discoensis and Caloplaca elegans .

        Dry Tundra . In general the tundra bordering Payne estuary differs by

only a few elements from that found in the interior. The shrubs are normally

the same species. As for the herbaceous elements, many of those which, along

057      |      Vol_VI-0205                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

the Kogaluk and the upper part of the Payne, were restricted to rocky exposures,

here occupy flat lowlands. This is probably owing to the fact that the region

is quite hilly and the habitats not distinctly marked. To the species already

mentioned for the tundra in the interior, one may add the following:

Carex misandra	P. lapponica
Eutrema edwardsii	Pyrola grandiflora
Juncus trifidus	Saxifraga nivalis
Kobresia myosuroides	Stellaria crassipes
Pedicularis lanata

        Of these, Eutrema and Pedicularis lanata are rather common, though more or less

scattered as individual elements. Pyrola grandiflora is more common. Lycopodium

selago was so common hereabouts that one day a few children made, without dif–

ficulty, a collection [?] of some twenty-five pounds of the plant for a chemical

analysis. On the south side of the Payne estuary, the slope is made up of three

or four succeeding terraces, where the vegetation, without necessarily being that

of a humid habitat, is at least partially protected from drought. The carpet is

of a more spongy texture. Salix vestita is the dominating shrub and there is an

abundant growth of Astragalus alpinus , A. eucosmus , and luxuriant Oxytropis

foliolosa . In the depressions of the old tundra ostioles, Juncus albescens is

accompanied by the following algae:

Gloeocapsa alpicola	Schizothrix lacustris
Gloeocystis grevillei	Scytonema myochrous
Nostoc commune	Stigonema ocellatum

        Botetus seaber and Calvatia cretacea are frequent fungi here.

        Humid Tundra . In humid parts, and especially along the small rivulets in

the tundra, the elements are about the same as those on the shore of the Payne

River itself, with the addition [?] of a number from the dry tundra. Carex misandra

is much more common here. Chrysosplenium tetrandrum and Saxifraga rivularis

058      |      Vol_VI-0206                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

sometimes form nearly pure formations very locally. Other characteristic

species are the following:

Arctagrostis latifolia	Phyllodoce coerulea
Carex atrofusca	Potentilla hyparctica
Cassiope hypnoides	Ranunculus hyperboreus
Cerastium alpinum	Salix brachycarpa
C. arvense	S. calcicola
Eriophorum angustifolium	S. reticulate var. semicalva
Festuca brachyphylla	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Juncus trifidus	Stellaria longipes f. humilis
Luzula wahlenbergii	Taraxacum umbrinum

        In the marshy parts, Utricularia minor and U. ochroleuca predominate, and

in ponds we find, amongst the algae, Scenedesmus obliquus and Tolypothrix lanata .

        It is curious to note the effect of drought on certain tundra ponds sit–

uated at the level of the spring tides and receiving the brackish water to become

temporary lagoons. Hippuris vulgaris var. maritima continues to grow luxuriantly

along with Cardamine pratensis , Carex raeana (dedicated to the arctic explorer

John Rae (1813-1893) and probably the rarest Carex of Ungava), Koenigia islandica ,

and Dupontia fisheri var. aristata , while simultaneously Draba fladnizensis in–

vades the bottom where it is covered with the dry crusty remains of algae.

       

II. THE HEMIARCTIC ZONE

        Definition . The tundra is characterized by the complete absence of trees,

all the ligneous elements being limited to shrubs of small stature. The taiga

is a forest, but with trees widely dispersed and a soil covering mainly of lichens.

The trees generally are of no commercial importance, and the whole formation gives

the impression of a park rather than of a true forest. Between the tundra and

the taiga, in the Quebec-Labrador Peninsula, lies a wide strip of land, approx–

imately three hundred miles in width, where tundra patches alternate with taiga

bands. To be more precise, the highlands are covered by the tundra, while the

059      |      Vol_VI-0207                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

valleys and vier borders are covered by the taiga (75; 81). This habitat is

the forest tundra (Fig. 11). The passage from the taiga to the forest tundra is

quite abrupt. On the George River, in eastern Ungava, the territory south of

latitude 55°05′ N. is covered by the typical taiga; at 55°05′ N. the first tundra

patch appears on a hill, and such patches increase in number until about lat–

itude 55°09′ N. North of this point, the taiga in the immediate vicinity of

rivers and at the foot of hills never covers more than 25% of the territory,

and sometimes even less. Often, as for instance near latitude 55°10′ N. on

the George, the zone denuded of trees goes down to the river. The continuous

stretch of tundra, north of the absolute limit of trees rather than the timber

line which naturally stops farther south, belongs to the Arctic. The taiga

itself, in the author’s opinion, belongs to the subarctic zone. Of the same

opinion are Harshberger (29), Marie-Victorin (50), Villeneuve (99) and others,

whereas Hustich (32) considers the forest tundra in the subarctic region and

places the taiga together with the evergreen forest of the Laurentians in the

boreal forest region. This solution would perhaps [ ?] be acceptable if we con–

sidered the forest itself, but in the typification of a zone, the whole vegeta–

tion and climatic factors should be considered. Permafrost was found in the

taiga (35); furthermore the taiga is entirely north of the 32°F. isotherm for

the whole year (26). Such considerations alone would place the taiga in the

subarctic zone. If we acknowledge this point, the forest tundra is a mixed

arctic and subarctic zone. Considering the percentage of tundra (approximately

75%), this sector should be classified as arctic rather than subarctic. For

the reasons above, and considering the size of the forest tundra area in Quebec

and Labrador, it is important to characterize this zone by a name. Most

060      |      Vol_VI-0208                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

appropriate would see that of “hemiarctic zone,” referring to its partly

arctic nature. The hemiarctic zone is truly a mixed zone, where the treeless

and “subarctic” parts are distinctly separate, and not a transitional habitat.

We will find there, of course, as to the north of the absolute limit of trees,

a transitional habitat between the taiga and the tundra proper, but this is

generally of small extent. The tundra and taiga formations are quite ordinarily

clear-cut and easily distinguishable.

        Limit of the Hemiarctic Zone . Starting from the absolute limit of trees,

a few miles north of the Leaf River, this zone extends southward approximately

to latitude 55° N. (exactly 55°09′ N. on the George River), except near the

coast of Labrador, where it reaches approximately the vicinity of Blanc Sablon.

In general, this is the region covered by the forest tundra, as illustrated by

Hustich (32).

       

Subdivisions of the Hemiarctic Zone

        This zone, studied from the forest point of view, has been divided by

Hustich (32) into two main divisions: the “Koksoak forest-tundra section” covering

only the valley of the Kaniapiskau and Koksoak, and the “Ungava forest-tundra

section” covering the remainder of the zone. The reason for separating the Kok–

soak section was that this valley has a decidedly more luxuriant vegetation

than its surroundings, which appear largely barren. No doubt, many floristic

regions will ultimately have to be delimited in this zone, as may already be

judged by the flora known from distinct sectors. At present it is impossible

to suggest, even tentatively, a phytogeographical subdivision. For this reason,

it would be better temporarily to consider the geographical units as based on

the hydrographic system. The sections then would be the following:

061      |      Vol_VI-0209                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        Leaf River Region (H1). This extends from Lake Minto to a few miles

from Ungava Bay; the vicinity of Ungava Bay itself belongs to the “arctic

south shore of Ungava Bay” listed in the arctic zone. This Leaf River region

is the contact between the arctic and the hemiarctic in western Quebec. It

is separated from the Kogaluk and Payne arctic regions by the absolute limit

of trees.

        Richmond Gulf Region (H2). This lies near Hudson Bay, and covers the

basin of Nastapoka River, Richmond Gulf, and the Hudson Bay coast, extending

south to Fort George and Little Whale River (including its source, Upper Seal

Lake).

        Koksoak Region (H3). This comprises basin of the Koksoak River, from the

fork of the Larch and Kaniapiskau rivers, and extends to the limit of the

“arctic south shore of Ungava.” In this region lies Fort Chimo, the “airport

gateway” to the North. From seeds collected by the author at Fort Chimo,

plants were grown at the Copenhagen Botanical Garden and described by Bocher (6)

as Luzula groenlandica var. fuscoatra .

        Stillwater-Larch Region (H4). This is the district between the Richmond

Gulf region and the Koksoak and Kaniapiskau drainage basins. The main hydrogra–

phic elements of this region are Stillwater Lake and Larch River.

        Kaniapiskau Region (H5). This comprises the hydrographic basin of this

river, from the fork at Koksoak River to the taiga near the 55th parallel of

latitude.

        Whale River Region (H6). As there are three Whale rivers in Ungava, con–

fusion must be avoided. Little Whale and Great Whale rivers flow into Hudson

Bay, while the Whale River flows into Ungava Bay. In the Whale River region,

062      |      Vol_VI-0210                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

I place the basin of the False River, the Whale River, and all the small rivers

east of this to approximately longitude 66°30′ W., excluding the arctic shore

of Ungava Bay.

        George River Region (H7). The basin of this river, one of the most im–

portant in Ungava, is in the hemiarctic zone from latitude 55°09′ N. to 68°35′ N.,

approximately. The region, surveyed by Rousseau in 1947, will be studied in

greater detail.

        Labrador Coast (H8). This irregular section may be taken to include the

Labrador coast from Okkak Bay (with some northern outposts) to Blanc Sablon,

and consequently the greater part of the basins of the Fraser and Assiwaban

rivers. The taiga, according to Tanner’s map (96), penetrates as a wedge into

the southern portion of this territory, and the Labrador arctic lobe (already

mentioned above as section A6 of the arctic zone) [ ?]penetrates as a northern

wedge into the interior at least as far as the source of Assiwaban River. Except

for the interior, which should perhaps be separated, this section corresponds to

a natural phytogeographical division, “the Atlantic coast section,” as described

by Hustich (32). Some outposts of the Labradorian taiga (marked H8 on the map)

exist north of the limit of section H8, between Port Manners and Hebron in sec–

tion A6 (Labrador Arctic lobe).

       

The George River Region

        The whole length of this river was traveled for the first time by Mrs.

Leonidas Hubbard in 1905, followed by Dillon Wallace a few weeks later (81).

From Mrs. Hubbard’s account (30) we are given a few hints concerning the trees

along this river. The next complete exploration [ ?] of the river, and its first

scientific survey, was made by Rousseau in 1947 (81). This region will be

063      |      Vol_VI-0211                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

considered in some detail as an example in the hemiarctic zone.

        Topography . At the source of the George River the terrain forms a plateau.

At latitude 54°57′ N. the first undulations appear. From Indian House Lake to

Ungava Bay both shores of the river are hilly, the summits of the hills rising

500 to 1000 feet above the level of the river (Fig. 12). Special attention

must be given to some hills which have, on the side toward the river an abrupt

cliff with a broken scree slope at its base; the opposite sides have no cliffs.

To this type of mountain, which constitutes a highly specific habitat — and

of which Bic Mountains in Rimouski County and the summits along the north shore

of the Gaspe Peninsula are so ch a racteristic — the Seven Islands Montagnais

have given the name tissekau , which will be adopted in the present study (Fig. 16).

        Geology . The only published geological information about this region is a

short note of Ritchie (70) based on a manuscript report by Rousseau. The whole

region belongs to the pre-Cambrian and is composed of granites, gneisses, and

paragneisses, except for two narrow bands of anorthosite approximately five

miles wide which lie near latitude 55°06′ and 55°25′ N. The whole region has

been strongly marked by the passage of glaciers; moraines, erratic boulders,

striae, roche moutonnee , eskers, etc., being plentiful.

        Hydrography . On the subarctic plateau the region is covered by lakes, some

of which seem to have no outlet and merely to drain by filtration, which favors

the formation of peat bogs. The river, with Hubbard Lake as its source, is

nearly 400 miles long. The first 70 miles are a chain of lakes dotted by scat–

tered boulders and linked by rapids. After this, through 45 miles of swift cur–

rent, the waters flow to Indian House Lake, a narrow lake about 1 to 2 [ ?] miles

wide and 54 miles long. From Indian House Lake to Helen Falls, the 157 miles

of river break over 35 rapids, altogether some 45 miles in length. The river

064      |      Vol_VI-0212                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

is one of the most rapid in Ungava, and for this reason was traveled only in

parts by Naskapi Indians. The tidal zone starts at latitude 58°17′ N. and the

spring tide is supposed to rise the height of 40 feet. In the region of the

George River post, the muddy tidal flats are approximately a mile wide (81).

        Meteorology . A meteorological station was operated at Indian House Lake

during part of World War II and for a short time afterward, but the only data

accessible to the author are the maxima and minima which he observed during

the 1947 survey. From July 16 to August 8, when he was traveling down the river,

the night minima were between 32° and 54°F. in the camps, which were near the

river level and consequently more or less in the subarctic patches. When the

sky was [ ?] clouded over, the maximum during the day was sometimes not higher than

48°F. After sunset there was a sudden drop in temperature. For example, July 15

the thermometer indicated 60° at 9 p.m. and fifteen minutes later the thermometer

was at 48°F. Another point to be considered is that there is often a great dif–

ference between the night temperature six inches above the soil and that of five

feet above. The temperature near the soil was sometimes two to four degrees lower

than that at five feet. The temperature near the surface of the soil, although

not as important for meteorological purposes as that a few feet above, is very

significant as far as the vegetation cover is concerned. As in the Payne and

Kogaluk regions, windy conditions are normal, and the wind attained a velocity

which at times hind e red the advance of the expedition. From the southern part of

Indian House Lake northward all the way to the estuary, scattered snow patches

are apt to remain from one winter to another.

        Soil . Except at a few hundred feet from the river, rock in situ is generally

found only in and beside the rapids. Elsewhere the river bed is an almost

065      |      Vol_VI-0213                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

continuous series of moraines, the “wall” of boulders being sometimes many

miles long and twenty or even more feet high. Here and there, sand exposures

are found along the river and in rare instances, especially below Indian House

Lake, clay shores. In the upper part of the river, soil is rarely seen. Sandy

eskers are common everywhere. At a short distance from the immediate border of

the river, from the beginning of Indian House Lake to the estuary, the rocky

hills are strewn with boulders and have only a thin covering of soil. All that

was said in the previous chapter about the arctic zone, its tundra and peat bogs,

solifluction and marshy areas, soil and Cladonia polygons, etc., may be repeated

here.

        Economic Plants. Apart from the absence here of Pedicularis lanata and

Hedysarum alpinum , there are the same plants as in the Payne and Kogaluk sections,

with, of course, the addition of trees. Of these black spruce ( Picea mariana )

is the most common, white spruce ( Picea glauca ) being rare, and larch ( Latrix

laricina ) largely confined to the margins of the rivers and lakes. The black

spruce could be used as fuel or for tent poles, or utilized otherwise, but it is

seldom if ever of any real economic importance. The white spruce is big enough

to use more widely, but too rare. Balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) is limited to the

southern extremity of the area, being always small and rare.

       

Sectors of the George River in the Hemiarctic Zone

        Before dividing the George River district into smaller ecological sections,

we must remember that its source lies in the subarctic zone and its mouth prac–

tically in the arctic zone. All of the general aspects described here concerning

the George could apply in part to these portions of the river that lie outside

the hemiarctic zone. Instead of dividing the region into geographical sectors,

066      |      Vol_VI-0214                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

it would be better to consider separately the different types of habitat, as

follows: (1) the shores of the tidal zone; (2) the shores above the estuary;

(3) the subarctic forest patches or taiga patches; (4) the tundra; (5) peat

bogs; (6) ponds and other aquatic habitats; (7) weeds.

        Tidal Zone . With the flow of the tide, the reversible current forces

water back to latitude 58°17′ N. on the George River, completely covering two

very important rapids. As the spring tide reaches to a height of about forty

feet, it is normal for great tidal flats to be uncovered at low tide. Around

George River post (Fig. 12) they are approximately one milewide. These muddy

flats have no vegetation except for occasional algae. Where the tidal shore

is sandy and steeper, and consequently less extensive, the vegetation is more

pronounced. We can distinguish three steps in the tidal sections. In the low–

est part of the shore, near the limit of low tide and consequently covered by

brackish water twice each day, grow:

Calamagrostis labradorica	Festuca rubra
Carex marina	Potentilla egedii var. groonlandica
C. subspathacea		Stellaria crassifolia
Dupontia fisheri	Triglochin palustris

        In the central section of the tidal zone, touched by brackish water every

day, but for a shorter period, the following species from a turf in which the

maritime plantain is dominant and Sedum rosea is found in great abundance:

Arenaria peloides var. diffusa	Plantago juncoides var. decipiens
Euphrasia arctica	Potentilla egedii var. groenlandica
Galium brandegeei	Primula stricta
Lomatogonium rotatum	Sedum rosea
Parnassia obtusiflora (P. palustris auct. am.)

        In the higher portions of the shore, which are never covered by brackish

water nor by fresh water during the neap, all these species mentioned above will

be found again, in the company, of:

067      |      Vol_VI-0215                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Agropyron ungavense	Montia lamprosperma
Astragalus alpinus	Potentilla palustris var. Parviflora
Carex rariflora
Cochlearia officinalis var. groenlandica	Primula egaliksensis
Stellaria humifusa
Elymus arenarius var. villosus

Of these, Agropyron ungavense seems to be an intergeneric hybrid of Agropyron

and Elymus , like Agroelymus adamsii (72), but of different parentage. The

shore line and the part of the shore itself never reached by brackish water

do not differ from the same section of the shore above the estuary. In a pond

to which brackish water penetrates at high tide are found the following algae:

Calothrix stellaris , Cladophora crispata , Dictyosphalium pulchellum and Gom–

phosphaeria lacustris . Mosses of this habitat are Calliergon sarmentosum and

Drepanocladus exannulatus var. typicus , while in a similar habitat, on Naupats

Island, in the arctic zone near the outlet of George River, Tortula ruralis

constituted an important element.

        Shore Above the Estuary . The sandy or gravelly shore is generally dry,

but for a part of the year is submerged by the riv e r. often the vegetation of

this section is a kind of dry turf in which Betula glandulosa will occasionally

grow, with Alnus crispa , although frequently both of them remain very short.

The species are mainly the following:

Archillea lanulosa	Campanula rotundifolia
A. nigrescens	Cardamine bellidifolia
* Agrostis borealis	* Carex anguillata
Alchemilla filicaulis	* C. aquatilis
Antennaria rousseauii	* C. bigelowii
* Arabis arenicola	C. brunnescens
Arctostaphlos alpina	C. capitata
Arenaria groenlandica	C. microglochin
Artemisia borealis f. wormskioldii	* C. miliaris
Astragalus alpinus	* C. rariflora
Calamagrostis canadensis var. langsdorfi	* Castilleja septentrionalis
Cerastium arvense
C. neglecta

068      |      Vol_VI-0216                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Deschampsia atropurpurea	Rhinanthus oblongifolius
D. caespitosa var. glauca	Ribes glandulosum
Dryopteris spinulosa var. americana	* Rubus acaulis
Epilobium angustifolium var. intermedium	R. idaeus var. strigosus
	R. paracaulis
* E. glandulosum	* Salix arctophila
E. latifolium	S. brachycarpa
* Equisetum arvense var. boreale	S. calcicola
Euphrasia arctica	* S.cordifolia var. callicarpaea
Festuca brachyphylla	S. herbacea
Hierochloe alpina	S. planifolia
Kalmia polifolia	S. uva-ursi
* Lonicera villosa var. calvescens	Sanguisorba canadensis
* Luzula parviflora var. melanocarpa	* Scirpus caespitosus var. callosus
L. groenlandica	* Solidago macrophylla var. thyrsoidea
L. spicata
Lychnis alpina var. americana	S. multiradiata
Oxyria digyna	Stellaris calycantha
* Pedicularis groenlandica	* Taraxacum lacerum
Petasites palmatus	* T. lapponicum
* Phleam alpinum	* Tofieldia pusilla
Poa arctica	Trisetum spicatum
P. glauca	* Vaccinium uliginosum
Polygonum viviparum	V. vitis-idaea var. minus
Potentilla emarginata	* Veronica alpina var. unalaschensis
* Pyrola grandiflora

        The species in the preceding list marked by an asterisk (8) frequently grow

in the humid sections of the shore as well as on the dry part.

        Of the preceding, the cologically important species are Antennaria rousseauii ,

Arenaria groenlandica , Betula glandulosa , Carex anguillata , C. miliaris , Luzula

spicata , Pedicularis groenlandica , Polygonum viviparum , Potentilla tridentata ,

Salix arctophila , S. brachycarpa , S. cordifolia , S. herbacea , S. planifolia ,

Solidago macrophylla , Taraxacum lapponicum , Trisetum spicatum , and Veronica al–

pin[?]a, varying locally according to the sector of the shore. Furthermore, they

are found everywhere along the river. On the contrary, Alchemilla filicaulis

is very localized; and Arabis arenicola , Artemisia borealis , Astragalus alpinum s ,

and Lychnis alpina var. americana , grow only in the lower part of the river.

069      |      Vol_VI-0217                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Many of the species listed above are plants of the dry tundra which have found,

along some portions of the shore, a favorable habitat. This is the case with

Arctostaphylos alpina , Carex capitata , Hierochloe alpina , Nulmia polifolia ,

Luzula groenlandica and Salix uva-ursi .

        Prominent among associates in the various wet places are: Andromeda

glaucophylla , Eri [ ?] phorum angustifolium , E. scheuchzeri , Juncus albescens ,

Parnassia kotzebuei , Pinguicula vulgaris , Viola labradorica , and V. repens

(=V. palustris auct. amer.). Less important species are:

Bartsia alpina	E. russeolum
Calamagrostis canadensis var. scabra	Juncus castaneus
	J. filiformis
Cardamine pratensis var. palustris	Galium trifidum
Carex atratiformis	Luzula groenlandica
C. canescens	L. spicata var. kjellmani
C. glareosa	Myrica gale
C. williamsii	Pedicularis flammea
Corallorhiza trifida	Poa alpina
Epilobium anagallidifolium	Potentilla palustris var. parvifolia
Equisetum sylvaticum	Steptopus amplexifolius
Eriophorum angustifolium	Vaccinium oxycoccos

        Of the last list, Cardamine pratensis var. palustris , Carex williamsii ,

Corallorhiza trifida , Epilobium anagallidifolium , Luzula groenlandica , and

Pedicularis flammea were rather uncommon species. The chief bryophytes of this

habitat are Brepanocladus uncinatus var. typicus , Grimmia alpicola var. rivularis

f. papillosa , and Pogonatum capillare .

        On the sttep embankment of the river, the preceding species listed from dry

or humid shores are also found, but some of them seem to be more appropriate to

the rocky banks, as for instance:

Carex rupestris	Epilobium palustre
C. tenuiflora	[ ?]Juncus alpines var. alpestris
Dryopteris phegopteris	Potentilla nivea

070      |      Vol_VI-0218                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Ribes glandulosum	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Saxifraga aizoon	Stellaria longipes
S. foliolosa	Woodsia irvensis

        On the nearly vertical humid cliffs, bordered at their summit by shrubs,

grows Umbilicaria vellea, one of the more palatable rock tripes. On these

cliffs the dominating bryophytes are the following:

Calliergon sarmentosum	Pogonatum alpinum
Drepanocladus uncinatus var. typicus	Rhacomitrium fasciculare
Sphagnum girgensohnii
Hypnum patientiae	Tetraplodon mnioides

        On the steep sandy embankment, with Empetrum nigrum dominant, are:

Equisetum pratense	Ledum groenlandicum
Festuca brachyphylla	L. palustre var. decumbens
F. rubra	Linnaea borealis var. americana
Hierochloe alpina	Potentilla norvegica

        Nevertheless, the normal embankment of the river is either made up an

almost barren boulder accumulation or of the luxuriant birch-alder community,

(Fig. 15). Among the boulders we find some of the elements of the dry shore,

but the most common elements are Campanula rotundifolia , Castilleja pallida

var. septentrionalis , Epilobium latifolium , Oxyria digyna , and Salix cordi–

folia var. callicarpaea , with, in the lowest part of the river, Cerastium

beeringianum , Papaver radicatum , forming sometimes almost pure stands, and

some Arnica plantag [ ?][in?] ea .

        As for the birch-alder community (Fig. 15 and 26), it is almost a contin–

uous band of Alnus crispa and Betula glandulosa , with as usual shrubby asso–

ciates Salix planifolia , S. cordifolia var. callicarpaea , and Ribes glandulosum ,

and as very occasional associates Amelanchier bartramiana , Betula borealis ,

Populus balsamifera , Salix pellita , Sorbus decora and Viburnum edule . As for

the herbaceous elements, a great number are similar to shore and embankment

species, though none of them is really common, excepting perhaps Viola palustris .

071      |      Vol_VI-0219                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

But other species, not yet encountered on the shore and the embankment, were

growing in the birch-alder community, such as:

Alchemilla vestita	Lycopodium annotinum var. acrifolium
Calamagrostis neglecta
Cornus canadensis	Mitella nuda
C. suecica	Petasites palmatus
Dryopteris disjuncta	P. sagittarus
Galium brandegeei	Trientalis americana

        Of the preceding, Alchemilla vestita and Petasites sagittarus were particularly

rare. Cornus canadensis , Dryopteris disjuncta , Lycopodium annotinum , Mitella

nuda , and Trientalis americana are species which normally inhabit the taiga as

well as the boreal coniferous forest.

        A specialized habitat that could be considered as a part of the shore is

the tissekau (Fig. 16) of which a description has been given above. Here normally

grow the species of the embankment and shores, especially humid shores. In

some places Alnus crispa is dominant, in others Betula glandulosa associated

with Ledum groenlandicum . After these, the chief elements are, in order of

importance: Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus , Cornus canadensis , Lycopodium

annotinum , and Ledum palustre var. decumbens . Of the Cyperaceae, one of the

main types is Carex scirpoidea var. scirpiformis. Dryopteris disjuncta , Cala–

magrostis neglecta , and Pedicularis labradorica are rather rare.

        Taiga Strips (Figs. 13 and 14). Restricted generally to the lower part of

the valleys or to hillsides, the taiga strips show relatively luxuriant growth

toward their centers. In the portions bordering the tundra patches, the trees

are smaller, being sometimes hardly more than shrubs. For a few feet, there is a

transitional zone between the habitats representing the typical taiga and tundra.

Are the subarctic thickets progressing or receding? Some ecologists consider

the presence of juniperoid black spruce, Picea mariana , at the limit of subarctic

072      |      Vol_VI-0220                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

forest patches as a proof of forest regression, while the occurrence in the

thickets of Picea mariana with drooping branches is regarded as evidence of

forest progression. Though these characters may apply elsewhere, they are of

no value in Ungava. In all parts of the hemiarctic zone visited, the forest

thickets were surrounding by juniperoid black-spruces, and in the center of

the stand there was black spruce with drooping branches. Sometimes both types

could be seen side by side, either in the center or on the border of the stand.

If the presence of these trees is caused in part by ecological factors, perhaps

some genetical factors could also be involved.

        In the taiga, Picea mariana is the most important element and often the

only tree (Fig. 21), Larix laricina occurs along the rivers or on the borders

of lakes. Exceptionally, at Fort Chimo it constitutes the most important ele–

ment on higher slopes. This may be owing to the fact that black spruce had been

liberally cut for fuel. In the George River taiga of the hemiarctic zone, Picea

glauca occupies the same area as Picea mariana (Fig. 18), but can easily be dis–

tinguished from it, even at a great distance, because it is usually much taller;

it remains a very rare tree. Populus balsamifera var. subcordata establishes

itself in homogenous thickets in the spruce forest, at some distance from the

river, but is rarely met. One of these thickets was found as far north as lati–

tude 58°30′ N. near the George River post. Populus tremuloides and Betula papy–

rifera seem to be completely lacking in this territory. Abies balsamea (Fig. 23)

is present in the southern part of that territory [ ?] but disappears almost at the

beginning of the hemiarctic zone; it grows there as a very small tree and often

as the depressed f. hudsonia. Throughout the territory, we find the prostrate

Larix laricina f. depressa and Picea mariana f. grisea , especially in the border

zone between the taiga and tundra patches. The dead confers appear to be subject

073      |      Vol_VI-0221                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

to be subject to the attack of the same fungi as those farther south. Thus

the cubic brown rot, apparently caused by Fomes pinicola , is found in the

northern part of the zone. At the northern limit of trees, Phyllaceria

terrestris grows on decaying larch twigs.

        The common shrubs in the taiga patches, in addition [ ?] to the prostrate

conifers already mentioned, are:

Betula glandulosa	Salix cordifolia var. callicarpaea
Chamaedaphne calyculata
Empetrum nigrum	S. discolor
Kalmia polifolia	Sorbus decora
Ledum groenlandicum	Vaccinium cespitosum
Ribes glandulosum	V. vitis-idaea var. minus
Rubus acaulis	V. uliginosum
R. chamaemorus	Viburnum edule

        The shrubs are common in early all of the taiga patches in the area, the most

frequent being Betula glandulosa , Empetrum nigrum , Rubus chamaemorus , and Vac–

cinium vitis-idaea var. minus . To these must be added Alnus crispa , frequent

in the taiga patches on the slopes of steep hills, and Juniperus communis var.

depressa , found more commonly around the George River post. Phyllodoce caerulea

in some parts is not only a tundra element but invades the taiga itself,

especially in the southern part of the hemiarctic zone; Salix vestita is

limited to a few patches with a soil formed of soaked Sphagnum .

        The soil itself is covered either by a mat of soaked Sphagnum or by a

carpet of Cladonia . This last lichen formation contains mainly Cladonia gracilis

var. elongata , Cladonia digitata , and Cladonia impexa , mixed with another lichen,

Nephroma arcticum , and some bryophytes, mainly:

Aulacomnium palustre	Drepanocladus uncinatus var. typicus
Barbilophozia barbata
B. hatcheri	Hypnum crista-castronsis
Calliergonella schreberi	Lophozia ventricosa
Dicranum fuscens	Polytrichum commune

074      |      Vol_VI-0222                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

        The drier portions support the following:

Carex deflexa	L. complanatum
Chiogenes hispidula	L. selago
Cornus canadensis	Mitella nuda
Coptis groenlandica	Moneses uniflora
Deschampsia flexuosa	P. minor
Linnaea borealis var . americana	Solidago macrophylla
Luzula parviflora var. melanocarpa	Trientalis americana
	Viola labradorica
Lycopodium annotinum var. pungens

        Of these, Cornus canadensis , Carex pauciflora , Deschampsia flexuosa , Linnaea

borealis , Lycopodium annotinum and Solidago macrophylla are common. Lycopodium

complanatum is found more occasionally, but is then abundant.

        In the most humid parts of the taiga, the soil is covered with Sphagnum

recurvum . In the soil covered with Sphagnum , entirely different herbaceous

associates are found, although the shrubs are generally the same as in the drier

habitats. The herbaceous elements are:

Bartsia alpina	Eriophorum angustifolium
Carex canescens	E. russeolum
C. chordorrhiza	Galium brandegeei
C. pauciflora	Listera cordata
C. rariflora	Petasites palmatus
C. trisperma	Pyrola secunda var. obtusata
Castilleja septentrionalis	Ranunculus lapponicus
Dryopteris phegopteris	Streptopus amplexifolius var. americanus
D. spinulosa
	Taraxacum lacerum

        Although this list contains a few species peculiar to forests, such as

Listera cordata , Streptopus , and Pyrola secunda , some are ordinary elements of

the humid shores, like the Eriophorum , Castilleja , and even Bartsia , while others

again are elements of peat bogs, e.g., Carex chordorrhiza .

        Tundra Patches (Figs. 14, 17, 19, 20). We should distinghish, for the sake

of convenience, the tundra patches near the river, the very dry eskers, and the

tundra patches a few miles distant from the river. As mentioned previously,

the tundra patches start near latitude 55°05′ N. and are definitively dominant

around latitude 55°09′ N. In the tundra patches, important elements are the

075      |      Vol_VI-0223                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

lichens, which are generally the same there as on the eskers and the summits

of the hills.

        On tundra patches near the river (Figs. 17, 20) the dominant shrubs are:

Arctostaphlos alpina	Rubus chamaemorus
Betula glandulosa	Salix herbacea
Chamaedaphne calyculata	S. humilis
Empetrum nigrum	S. uva-ursi
Ledum groenlandicum	Vaccinium angustifolium
L. palustre var . decumbens		V. uliginosum var. pubescens
Loiseleuria procumbens	V. titis-idaea var. minus

        Of these the most common plants are Arctostaphylos , Betula , Empetrum , Ledum ,

Salix uva-ursi (Fig. 22), Vaccinium uliginosum , and Vaccinium vitis-idaea var.

minus. Chamaedaphne calyculata , though rather common, is not an element of the

tundra north of the tree line; nor are Vaccinium angustifolium and Salix

humilis , which themselves are rare in the hemiarctic zone. Attention must be

drawn also to the presence of occasional prostrate shrubs, such as the depressed

forms of Larix laricina and Picea mariana , which are likewise absent from the

Arctic Zone proper. As for the herbaceous elements, they are:

Arenaria groenlandica	Festuca brachyphylla
Carex bigelowii	Hierochloe alpina
C. brunnescens	Juncus trifidus
C. capitata	Linnaea borealis var. americana
C. glacialis
C. gynocrates	Luzula confusa
C. scirpoidea	Lycopodium complanatum
Cornus canadensis	Pedicularis labradorica
Deschampsia atropupurea	Phyllodoce coerulea
Diapensia lapponica	Poa longipila
Eriophorum angustifolium

        Of these, the dominating species are Carex capitata and Diapensia lapponica ,

with Hierochloe alpina represented by scattered individuals, and some Luzula

confusa and Pedicularis labradorica. Arenaria groenlandica is often the only

species on sterile rocks:- Lycopodium complanatum and Linnaea borealis belong

more approxpriately to the protected slopes. The old caribou horns lying on

076      |      Vol_VI-0224                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

the oil in this habitat as well as on eskers or in the taiga strips, owe their

green color to two algae, Protococcus viridis and Stichococcus subtilis . They

are also frequently covered by two lichens, Caloplaca stillicidorum and C. sub–

olivacea , and by the mosses, Sphagnum capillaceum var. tenellum and Tetraplodon

mnioides . In the tundra patches as well as on eskers the common mushroom is

Boletus scaber .

        Eskers (Figs. 24, 25) do not differ essentially in vegetation from the

ordinary tundra patches. Their slopes are covered with the higher shrubs of

the tundra such as Ledum groenlandicum , Ledum palustre var. decumbens , Betula

glandulosa , the prostrate Picea glauca f. parva , as well as the prostrate black

spruce, Ribes glandulosum , and Salix cordifolia var. callicarpca . On the summits,

the dominants are only very low or creeping plants, such as Arctostaphylos alpina ,

Empetrum nigrum , Salix uva-ursi and Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus , all equally

important and intermixed with:

Carex bigelowii	L. sabinaefolium var. sitchense
C. capitata	Poa glauca
Deschampsia caespitosa	Potentilla tridentate
Luzula confusa	Stellaria longipes
Lycopodium obscurum var. dendroideum	Vaccinium canadense
V. uliginosum var. lengeanum

        There [ ?] [ ?] also occasional species found in the typical sections of the

tundra bordering the river. Of the preceding species, the two Lycopodia are

found only at latitude 55°09′ N., the southern limit of the hemiarctic zone.

Boletus scaber and an Omphalia (apparently O. fibuloides ) are two common mush–

rooms in this habitat.

        The lichens found in the tundra patches near the river as well as on the

dry eskers are mainly the following:

077      |      Vol_VI-0225                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Alectoria chalybeiformis	C. rangiferina
A. ochroleuca	Dactylina arctica
Cetraria nivalis	Stereocaulon alpinum
Cladonia coccifera	S. denudetum
C. deformis	Umbilicaria hyperborea
C. impexa	U. proboscidea

        In the equivalent habitats at Fort Chimo, one of the common Cladonia species

would be Cladonia uncialis .

        On summits of the hills in the vicinity of the river (Fig. 20), the species

of phanerogamic flora are more or less the same as on the eskers. The summits,

being mainly a rocky outcrop, harbor lichens peculiar to such habitats, such as:

Actinogyra muhlenbergia	L. lapicida f. ochromeliza
Alectoria divergens	L. merrillii
A. jubata	L. silacea
A. ochroleuca	Parmelia enteromorpha
Buellia atrata	Parmelia stygia
B. occidentalis	Rhizocarpon geographicum
Cetraria fahlunenses	Solorina crocea
C. nivalis	Umbilicaria erosa
Cladonia deformis	U. proboscidea
Haematomma lapponicum
Lecidea arcuatula

        The accompanying bryophytes are mainly:

Aulacomnium turgidum	P. piliferum
Dicranum fuscescens	Ptilidium ciliare
Drepanoclandus uncinatus var. typicus	Rhacomotrium lanuginosum
	Scapania nemorosa
Gymnocolea inflata	Sphenolobus minutes
Polytrichum juniperimum var. alpestre

        In tundra patches on elevated hills at some distance from the river (Fig. 19),

a few miles west of Indian House Lake, the region becomes decidedly richer in

arctic species. All the types already found on tundra patches and eskers near

the river are there, as well as practically the same dominants; but they are ac–

companied also by other arctic-alpine elements, such as the following:

078      |      Vol_VI-0226                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Bartsia alpina	Ranunculus allenii
Cardamine bellidifolia	R. pygmaeus
Cassiope hypnoides	Salix arctophila
Castilleja septentrionalis	Saxifraga rivularis
Cerastium alpinum	Senecio congestus var. palustris
C. cerastoides	S. pauciflorus var. atropurpureus
Dryopteris fragrans
Epilobium anagallidifolium	Sibbaldia procumbens
Eriophorum chamassonis	Silene acaulis var. exscapa
Gnaphalium supinum	Solidago macrohylla var. thyrsoidea
Lycopodium selago
Oxyria digyna	Veronica alpina var. unalaschensis
Poa fernaldiana
Polygonum viviparum	Viola repens [ ?] (= V. palustris auct. amer.)
Pyrola grandiflora

Present also in the same habitat are the following plants of wider distribution

in this region:

Carex rarifolora	Lycopodium annotinum va. pungens
Cystoteris fragilis	Petasites palmatus
Dryopteris spinulosa	Salix brachycarpa
Eriophorum angustifolium	S. cordifolia
E. spissum	S. planifolia
Luzula parviflora var. melanocarpa	Taraxacum lapponicum
	Tofieldia pusilla
	Viola labradorica

        To the above list one might add Eriophorum russeolum , which grows around

ponds in this area. It must be noted, however, that E. russeolum does not belong

to the arctic but to the hemiarctic and subarctic.

        Peat Bogs (Fig. 27). The distinction between the humid tundra and the peat

bog is not always clear, apart from the accumulation of peat. In the peat bog,

many of the species of the tundra are present, such as Ledum groenlandicum (com–

monly parasitized by Chrysomyxa ledi ), Kalmia polifolia , Andromeda glaucophylla ,

and especially Chamaedaphne calyculata . Among the elements more particularly

restricted to this habitat, we should mention Calamagrostis pickeringii var.

debilis , Carex pauciflora , Drosera rotundifolia , Epilobium palustre , Eriophorum

079      |      Vol_VI-0227                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

russeolum , E. spissum , Galium labradoricum , and Menyanthes trifoliata . In

the more humid parts Vaccinium oxycoccos , Carex trisperma and C. chordorrhiza

are also common and widespread species, while Stellaria calycantha var. flori–

bunda is occasional near the southern limit of the territory. In the estuarine

portion, plants of the tidal shore, such as Primula egaliksensis, sometimes

invade the littoral peat bogs. In an elevated peat bog at the base of a

tissekau , the main bryophytes were:

Aulocomnium turgidum	Drepanocladus uncinatus var. Typicus
Calliergon sarmentosum
Calliergonella schreberi	Pohlia nutans
Ceratodon purpureus	Polytrichum juniperum var. alpestre
Cinclidium subrotundum	Sphagnum girgensohnii

        Aquatic Habitats . In the George River itself, owing to the very swift

current, aquatic plants are uncommon, not only in the number of species but also

in the number of individuals. While Payne River has more luxuriant vegetation,

even though it is made up of only two species, on the George we find only oc–

casional Hippuris vulgaris , Potamogeton alpinus var. tenuifolius , and Ranunculus

trichophyllus var. eradicatus . In protected bays or littoral ponds occur Equise –

tum littorale , Juncus alpinus f. nanus , and even Menyanthes trifoliata . In

tundra ponds, in addition to Menyanthes trifoliata , we meet Cardamine pratensis ,

and, in alpine ponds, Ranunculus hyperboreus , with the following algae:

Gloeocapsa alpicola	Scytonema figuratum
G. dimidiata	Stigonema minutum
Gloecystis grevillei

        Scytonema figuratum , mixed with s S tigonema ocellatum , is also found in the

film of cold water flowing over rocky exposures. No data are available on the

cold springs of this part, but at Fort Chimo, in the same zone, and a spring

flowing under a rock contained Binuclearia tatrana and Schizochlomis aurantiaca .

080      |      Vol_VI-0228                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

Andreaea obovata	Drepanocladus exannulatus
Anthelia julacea	Orthocaulis atlanticus
Blindia actua	Polytrichum juniperum var. alpestre
Calliergon stramineum	Sphagnum recurvum
Dichelyma pallescens	S. robustum

        Weeds . Of the plants that could be considered as weeds, the only one is

Polygonum aviculare var. depressum which was found around George River post,

on the beaten path, associated with the moss Bryum argenteum .

       

III. ARCTIC OUTPOSTS

        Outside of the arctic zone proper, we find limited habitats which harbor

arctic plants. In the subarctic regions of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula and

its vicinity, arctic outposts are found in the Otish Mountains south of Lake

Nichicun, in the sector north of Seven Islands, on Anticosti and Mingan Islands,

in limited sectors near Lake Mistassini, and in certain parts of Newfoundland.

They also occur on the Gaspe coast, in the Shikshok and St. Urbain Mountains,

in the Bic region of Rimouski County, Quebec, in the St. Lawrence freshwater

estuary, along the Matapedia and Restigouche rivers, and on Twin Islands in

James Bay. In the temperate zone, arctic outposts have been recognized on

Mount Katahdin and Mount Washington, in certain parts of Vermont, and to some

extent in peat bogs in other northern states.

        Studies of the flora and vegetation of arctic outposts have been made by

Doutt (12), Fernald (17; 18; 19), Kucyniak (38), Marie-Victorin (49; 50; 51),

Raymond (66), Rousseau (1931, 1933, 1950 A, 1950 B), Rousseau and Raymond ms),

Rousseau and Rouleau (ms), Scoggan (94), and Wynne-Edwards (103; 104).

       

Phytogeographical Aspects and Glaciation

        Dr. Merritt L. Fernald (19) in his classic work following many years of

study in the field and in the herbarium advanced in its definite form the

081      |      Vol_VI-0229                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

theory that the center of the Shikshok Mountains and other parts of north–

eastern America were not glaciated during the Wisconsin period. This was

based in part upon the assumption that certain arctic-alpine plants were not

reported from the center of Ungava, which is considered to be the center of

the Labradorian icecap. Since the publication of Fernald’s work, the botani–

cal expeditions carried on in the area by Lepage and Dutilly and Rousseau, have

found so many of these plants that we are obliged to revise our notions. These

aspects were discussed ( b y Rousseau (the value of botany as indicator of gla–

ciated areas), with the following general conclusions.

        In his paper of 1925, Fernald gives four lists of plants which are pur–

ported to be indicative of nonglaciation. The three first lists, numbering

236 entities in all, are of those arctic plants which were found in the interior

of Labrador (i.e., Ungava) according to Fernald’s belief. The fourth list con–

tains the cordilleran plants, numbering altogether 293 entities. (For various

reasons, this last list should be reduced by about 40 or 45, leaving only some

250 species and varieties). From Rousseau’s work in the Lake Mistassini area,

along the George River and later on the Kogaluk and Payne Rivers, more than 160

of Fernald’s 236 arctic plants were brought back. Of the remaining 250 cor–

dilleran plants, approximately 80 were collected. Conse [ ?]quently, the following

conclusions may be drawn. (1) Arctic species cannot be considered as indicators

of nonglaciation. (2) The so-called cordilleran plants could be partly arctic

plants which vanished from the Arctic for one reason or another, and therefore

are of the same interpretative value as the ordinary arctic plants. As for the

others, they could well be alpine plants which have not been able to establish

themselves in the Arctic for reasons given in the introduction to this article.

082      |      Vol_VI-0230                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

(3) To explain the presence of arctic or alpine plants on supposed nunataks

in eastern America there is a hypothesis, other than the nunatak theory. They

could have taken shelter there during the presylvatic period, between the

receding of the glacier and the forest invasion (73), after having traveled

from the Canadian Rockies to the Gaspe Peninsula, along the “arctic corridor”

bordering the continental glacier. This theory could be referred to as the

postglacial colonization of alpine areas and arctic outposts. Although, in

the actual state of our knowledge, the nunatak hypothesis of the persistence

of plants in unglaciated areas of northeastern America may perhaps be retained

as a working one, the theory of postglacial colonization of alpine areas and

arctic outposts seems more in accordance with the basic knowledge of the flora

and Quaternary geology of the country.

        The author gladly mentions the kind cooperation received from his colleagues,

mainly Le Roy Andrews, Bernard Boivin, J. A. Calder, C. W. Dodge, W. G. Dore,

Francis Drouet, A. W. Evans, the late M. L. Fernald, Seville Flowers, Margaret

Fulford, Gerald Gardner, E. Hustich, Br. Irenee-Marie, James Kucyniak, Ernest

Lepage, Fr. Louis-Marie, John W. Marr, Ruth Patrick, Nicholas Polunin, Rene

Pomerleau, Erling Porsild, Marcel Raymond, Br. Rolland-Germain, and Ernest Rouleau.

083      |      Vol_VI-0231                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

---

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Abbe, E.C. “Botanical results of the Grenfell-Forbes northern Labrador

expedition, 1931,” Rhodora , vol.38, pp.102-61, 1936.

2. Abrard, Rene and Aubert de la Rűe, Edgar. “Sur la presence du quaternaire

marin fossilifere le long de la cote occidentale du Labrador,”

Acad.Sci. Comptes Rendus , 1949, pp.1049-51.

3. Ascherson, P.F.A. “Nachtrag zur Flora von Labrador,” Flora , vol.43, pp.369-70,

1860.

4. Aubert de la Rűe, Edgar. “Premiers resultants d’une traversee de la peninsule

d’Ungava (Labrador canadien),” Compte Rendu Sommarie , Nov.8, 1948,

pp.271-2.

5. ----. “Quelques observations biogeographiques interessant la peninsule

d’Ungava (Labrador septentrional),” Soc.Biogeogr. Compte Rendu ,

vol.26, pp.50-58, 1949.

6. Böcher, Tyge W. “Contributions to the flora and plant geography of West

Greenland. II. The Carex capitata-, the Luzula multiflora-, and

the Tortula humilis-complexes,” Medd. om Grønl ., vol.147, No.7, 1950.

7. Butler, S.R. “Labrador plants,” Canad. Nat . n.s. vol.5, pp.35-3, 1870.

8. Coleman, A.P. “La partie nord-est du Labrador et le Nouveau-Quebec,” Canada,

Geol. Surv. Mem . no.124, 1922. Appendice I: “Plantes recueillies

par le professeur A. P. Coleman dans son excursion du Labrador,

pendant l’ete de 1951 et identifies par R. B. Thomson et Norma Ford.”

9. Dansereau, Pierre, and Raymond, Marcel. “Botanical excursions in Quebec province:

Montreal, Quebec, Gaspe peninsula,” Bull. Service Biogeographie , no.2,

Montreal, 1948.

10. Delabarre, E.B. “Report of the Brown-Harvard expedition to Nachwak, Labrador,

in the year 1900,” Geogr. Soc. Bull . [ ?] 1900.

11. ----. “The flora (of Labrador),” Grenfell, W.T., and others. Labrador ,

the Country and People . N. Y., MacMillan, 1909, pp.301-425.

12. Doutt, M. T. “Twin Island: an arctic outpost,” Carnegie Mag . vol. 9, pp.

195-200, 1935.

13. Duman, M.G. “The genus Carex in Eastern Arctic Canada,” Catholic Univ. of

Amer. Biol. Series , no.36, 1941.

14. Dutilly, Artheme and Lepage, Ernest. “Coup d’oeil sur la flore subarctique

due Quebec de la baie James au lac Mistassini,” Naturaliste Canad.

vol. 72, pp.185-225, 266-88; vol.73, pp.419-36; vol.74, pp.43-60,

66-79, 177-89, 207-24, 250-73, 1945-47.

084      |      Vol_VI-0232                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

15. ----. “La traversee de l’Ungava en 1945,” Le Naturaliste canadien , vol.

77, pp.136-81, 1950.

16. Farlow, W.G. “List of Algae collected at points in Cumberland Sound during

the Autumn of 1877,” U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull . no. 15, 1879.

17. Fernald, M.L. “A botanical expedition to Newfoundland and southern Labra–

dor,” Rhodora , vol.13, pp.109-63, 1911.

18. ----. “Draba in temperate Northeastern America,” Rhodora , vol.36, p.241

et seq. 1934. (A Harv.Univ. Gray Herb. Contr . vol.105, 1935.)

19. ----. “Persistence of plants in unglaciated areas of boreal America,”

Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. Mem . vol.15 no.3, pp.241-342, 1925.

20. ----. “Recent discoveries in the Newfoundland flora,” Rhodora , vol.35,

1933. (Also Harv. Univ. Gray Herb. Contr . vol.101, 1933.)

21. Fernald, M.L. and Sornborger, J.D. “Some recent additions to the Labrador

flora,” Ottawa Naturalist , vol.13, pp.89-107, 1899.

22. Flaherty, Robert. “Two traverses across Ungava Peninsula, Labrador,” Geogr .

Rev ., pp.116-32, Aug. 1918.

23. Gadbois, Pierre. “De la baie d’Hudson a la baie d’Ungava,” L’actualite

economique (Montreal) vol.25, pp.300-22, 1949.

24. Gardner, Gerard. “Liste annotee des especes de pteridophytes, de phanerogames,

et d’algues recoltees sur la cote du Labrador, a la baie d’Hudson

et dans le Manitoba nord, en 1930 et 1933.” Bull. Soc. Bot. Frace ,

84; 1937.

25. ----. “Liste des plantes recoltees sur la cote du Labrador et regions

limitrophes,” Soc. Bot. Fr. Bull . vol.93, 1946.

26. Geographical Bureau, Ottawa. Mean annual temperature. Map. issued with

Arctic , 2 (1). May 1949.

27. Halliday, W.E.D. “A forest classification for Canada,” Canada, Dept. of

Mines and Resources, Forest Serv. Bull . no. 89, 1937.

28. Hantzsch, Bernhard. “Verzeichnis einer anzahl in nordostlichsten Labrador

gesammelter Planzenarten,” Mitt. Ver. Erdk. Dresden , vol.1, no. 8,

pp. 220-22, 1909. English translation in Canad. Field-Nat., 45:

pp.173-74. 1931.

29. Harshberger, John. Phytogeographical survey of North America. Vol.13 of Die

Vegetation der Erde . Leipzig and New York. 790 pp. 1911.

30. Hubbard, Mrs. Leonidas. A Woman’s Way Through Unknown Labrador . Toronto,

Briggs, 1908.

085      |      Vol_VI-0233                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

31. Hulten, Eric. Outline of the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota During

the Quaternary Period. Their Evolution During and after the

Glacial Period as Indicated by the Equiformal Progressive Areas

of Present Plant Species . Stockholm, Bokforlags Aktiebolaget

Thule, 1937.

32. Hustich, Ilmari. “On the forest geography of Labrador peninsula. A prelim–

inary synthesis,” Acta Geogr . Helsingf. vol.10, no.2, 1949.

33. ----. “Phytogeographical regions of Labrador,” Arctic , vol.2, no.1,

pp.36-43, 1949.

34. Hustich, Ilmari and Pettersson. “Notes on vascular plants of the East coast

of Newfoundland-Labrador. I, II,” Soc. Fauna Flor. Fenn. Memor .

vol.19, pp.192-200, 1944; vol.20, pp.24-46, 1945.

35. Jenness, J.L. “Permafrost in Canada,” Arctic , vol.2, no.1, May 1949.

36. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Plants from Labrador. Bull. Misc. Inform .,

pp.76-88, 1907.

37. Kindle, E.M. “Geography and geology of lake Melville district, Labrador

peninsula,” Canada. Geol. Surv. Mem . no.141, 1924.

38. Kucyniak, James. “A bryophyte flora of interest on Lac des Cygnes mountain,

Quebec,” Bryologist , vol.50, pp.327-50, 1947.

39. ----. “A list of Bryophytes collected in the George River District,

Quebec,” Ibid . vol.52, pp.73-87, 1949.

40. Leandri, J. Les tourbieres et leur etude. La terre et la vie , 95: pp.161-99,

1948.

41. Low, A.P. “Report on an exploration of the East Coast of Hudson bay from cape

Wolstenholme to the south end of the James Bay,” Canada. Geol. Surv.

Ann. Rep . pt. D, vol.13, 1900.

42. ----. “Report on exploration in James bay and country east of Hudson bay,

drained by the Big, Great Whale and Clearwater rivers,” Ibid . pt. J,

vol.3, 1887.

43. ----. “Report on exploration in the Labrador peninsula along East Main, Kok–

soak, Hamilton, Manicuagan and portions of other rivers in

1892-93-94-95,” Ibid . pt. L, vol.8, 1896. Accompanied by a map in

four sheets of the Quebec-Labrador peninsula.

44. Mackay, A.H. “Labrador plants. (Collected by W. H. Prest on the Labrador

coast north of Hamilton inlet, from the 25th of June to the 12th

of August, 1901),” Nova Scotia Inst. Sci. Proc. Trans . vol.10,

pp.507-8, 1903.

086      |      Vol_VI-0234                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

45. Macoun, James M. “List of plants collected at lake Mistassini, Rupert river

and Rupert House, 1885.” Appendix II of Low, A.P. “Report of the

Mistassini expedition, 1884-85,” pp.36D-44D. Canada, Geological

Survey , Montreal, 1885.

46. ----. “List of plants known to occur on the coast and in the interior

of the Labrador peninsula,” Canada. Geol. Surv. Ann. Rep . App. VI,

1896, pp.353L-366L.

47. ----. “List of the plants collected on the Rupert and Moose rivers,

along the shores of James bay and on the islands in James by

during the summer of 1885 and 1887.” Appendix I, Part J. Annual

Report , Geological Survey , 1887-88, pp.63J.

48 . Macoun, John. “Catalogue of the plants reported by various travellers and

others as growing on the coast of Labrador.” In Packard, A.S.,

The Labrador coast , pp.451-474, New York, London, 1891.

49. Marie-Victorin, F. “Le dynamisme dans la flore du Quebec,” Contrib. Lab .

Bot. Univ. Montreal , no.13, 1929.

50. ----. Flore laurentienne , 1935.

51. ----. “Phytogeographical problems of Eastern America,” Contrib. Inst. Bot. Univ .

Montreal , no.30, 1938.

52. Marie-Victorin, F., and Rousseau, Jacques. “Nouvelles entites de la flore

phanerogamique du Canada oriental,” Contrib. Inst. Bot. Univ .

Montreal , no.36, 1940.

53. Marr, J.W. “Ecology of the forest-tundra ecotone on the east coast of Hudson,”

Ecological Monogr. vol.18, pp.117-44, 19 3 4 8.

54. Meyer, E.H.F. De Plantis Labradoricis Libri Tres . Leipzig, 1830.

55. Polunin, Nicholas. Arctic Unfolding . London, Hutchinson, 1949.

56. ----. “Botany of the Canadian Eastern Arctic I, II, III,” Nat. Mus. Can.

Bull . nos. 92, 97, 104, 1940-1948. ( Biol. Ser . nos.24, 26, 32)

57. ----. The Isle of Auks . London, 1932.

58. ----. “Report on botanical explorations in arctic America, 1946-48,”

Arctic , vol.2, no.1, 45-55, 1949.

59. Porsild, A.E. “Earth mounds in unglaciated Arctic Northwestern America,” Geog .

Rev ., vol.28, pp.46-58, 1938.

086a      |      Vol_VI-0235                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

60. ----. “A new Antennaria from northern Ungava,” Canad. Field-Nat . vol.63,

pp.80-81, 1949.

61. Potter, David. “Botanical evidence of post-pleistocene marine connection

between Hudson bay and the St. Lawrence basin.” Rhodora , vol.34,

pp.69-89, 101-112, 1932.

62. ----. “Plants collected in the southern region of James Bay,” Rhodora ,

vol.36, pp.274-84, 1934.

63. Raup, H.M. “Botanical problems in boreal America,” Bot. Rev . vol.8, pp.

148-248, 1941.

64. Raymond, Marcel. “La carte de distribution de Carex stylosa C.A. Meyer,”

Ann. ACFAS , 15: 101-104, 1949.

65. ----. “Les Cyperacees de l’ile Anticosti. I= Carex et Kobresia,” Canad. J .

Res ., ser. C, no.28, pp.406-44, Aug. 1950.

66. ----. “Esquisse phytogeographique du Quebec,” Jard. Bot. Montreal. Bot.

Gard. Mem . no.5, 1950.

67. ----. “Histoire et distribution de Carex Williamsii,” Naturaliste Canad. ,

vol.77, no.7-8, pp.222-27, 1950.

68. ----. “Quel est l’habitat de l’Heracleum lanatum?” Ann. ACFAS, 15: 118-120.

1949.

69. ----. “Quelques entites mineures nouvelles de la flore du Quebec,”

Naturaliste Canad . vol.77, pp.55-71, 1950.

70. Ritchie, M.M., and Rousseau, Jacques. “Reconnaissance along George River,

New Quebec (Ungava),” The Mining industry of the province of

Quebec in 1947, Quebec, Dept. of Mines, 1949., pp.20-21

71. Rouleau, Ernest. “Emmeratio plantarum vascularum Terrae-Novae,” Montreal, Univ.

Inst. Bot. Contrib . vol.64, pp.61-83, 1949.

72. Rousseau, Jacques. “Additions a la flore de l’ile d’Anticosti,” Naturaliste

Canad . vol.69, pp.97-122, 1942.

73. ----. “Les Astragalus du Quebec et leurs allies immediats,” Montreal, Univ.

Lab. Bot. Contrib . no. 24, 1933.

74. ----. “Bataille de sextants author du lac Mistassini,” Action Universitaire ,

vol.14, pp.99-116, 1948.

75. ----. “By canoe across the Ungava peninsula via the Kogaluk and Payne

rivers,” Arctic , vol.1, no.2, pp.133-35, 1948.

087      |      Vol_VI-0236                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

76. ----. “Cheminements botaniques a travers Anticosti,” Canad. J. Res .,

ser.C, no.28, pp.225-72, June 1950.

77. ----. “I. Etudes floristiques sur la region de Matapedia (Quebec).

II. Notes sur la flore de Saint-Urbain, comte de Charlevoix

(Quebec),” Nat. Mus. Can. Bull . no.66, 1931.

78. ----. “Modifications de la surface de la toundra sous l’action d’agents

climatiques,” Rev. Canad. Geogr . vol.3, pp.43-51, 1949.

79. ----. “Notes sommaires pour servir a l’etude mineralogique et geologique

de la riviere George, Ungava oriental.” Manuscript, 105 pp. 1948.

80. ----. “Toundra,” Liaison , vol.4, pp.31-35, 1950.

81. ----. “A travers l’Ungava,” Actualite Econ . vol.25, pp.83-131, 1949.

82. ----. “The value of botany as indicator of unglaciated areas,” Pacific

Science Congress, New Zealand, 1949, (In press.)

83. ----. “The vegetation and life zones of George river, Eastern Ungava,

and the welfare of the natives,” Arctic , vol.1, no.2, pp.93-96. 1948.

84. ----. “Le voyage d’Andre Michaux au lac Mistassini en 1792,” Revue d’Hist .

Amer. Franc . vol.2, pp.390-423, 1948.

85.----, and Raymond, Marcel. “ Betula Michauxii in northeastern America,”

Rhodora , vol.52, pp.27-32, 1950.

86. ----. (In preparation.) “La flore de la riviere George, Ungava oriental.

87. ----. “La flore des Monts Otish, Ungava central.” (In preparation.)

88. ----. “La flore des rivieres Kogaluk et Payne, Ungava occidental.”

(In preparation.)

89. ----, and Rouleau, Ernest. “La flore du lac Mistassini.” (In preparation.)

90. ----, Wynne-Edwards, V.C., et Dansereau, Pierre MacKay. “Quelques addi–

tions a la flore du Bic,” Annales de l”ACFAS , vol.3, p.95, 1937.

91. St. John, Harold. “A botanical exploration of the North shore of the gulf

of St. Lawrence, including an annotated list of the species of

vascular plants,” Canada, Victoria Museum, Mem . no.126, 1922.

92. Sargent, C.S. “Journal of Andre Michaux, 1787-1796, with an introduction

and notes by Charles Sprague Sargent,” Amer. Phil. Soc. Proc .

vol.26, 1888.

93. Schlechtendal, D.F.L. von “Ueber die flora von Labrador,” Linnaea , vol.10,

pp.76-114, 1836.

088      |      Vol_VI-0237                                                                                                                  
EA-PS. Rousseau: Flora and Vegetation in Quebec-Labrador

94. Scoggan, H.J. “The flora of Bic and the Gaspe peninsula, Quebec,” Nat. Mus.

Can. Bull . no.115 ( Biol. Ser . no.39), 1950.

95. Stearns, W.A. Labrador; A sketch of Its People, Its Industries and Its

Natural History . Boston, 1884.

96. Tanner, V. Outlines of the Geography, Life and Customs of Newfoundland

Labrador . Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge Univ. Press, 1947, 2 vol.

97. Todd, W.E.C. “Ungava and the barren grounds,” Carnegie Mag . pp.165-70, 1945.

98. Turner, L.M. “Ethnology of the Ungava district, Hudson bay territories,”

Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Rep . Bur. Eth. 11, pp.167-350, 1894.

99. Villeneuve, G. O. “Apercu climatique du Quebec,” Quebec Ministere des Terres

et Forets. Bull . no.10, 1948.

100. Wenner, Carl-Gosta. “Pollen diagrams from Labrador. A contribution to the

quaternary geology of Newfoundland-Labrador, with comparisons

between North America and Europe,” Geografiska Ann . Stockh. 1947.

101. Wetmore, R.H. “ [ ?]Plants of the Hamilton Inlet and Lake Melville region,

Labrador,” Rhodora, vol.25, pp.4-12, 1923.

102. Woodworth, R.H. “Interesting plants of northern Labrador,” Rhodora , vol.29,

pp.54-57, 1927.

103. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “Isolated arctic-alpine floras in Eastern North America:

a discussion of their glacial and recent history,” Royal Soc. of

Canada, Trans . ser.3, sect.V, vol.31, pp.1-26, 1937.

104. ----. “Some factors in the isolation of rare alpine plants,” Royal Soc.

of Canada, Trans ., Ser.3, sect.V, vol.33: 1-7, 1939.

       

Jacques Rousseau