Joseph Burr Tyrrell: Encyclopedia Arctica 15: Biographies

Joseph Burr Tyrrell (1858 - ), Canadian explorer, geologist, and mining engineer, was born at Weston, Ontario, on November 1, 1858, son of William and Elizabeth (Burr) Tyrrell. He received his education at the Weston Grammar School, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and the University of Toronto, from which he was graduated in 1880. The law was his first choice, but after a year at Osgoode Hall, the law school of the University of Toronto, he was found to have tuberculosis, one lung being already partly destroyed.

An out-of-doors occupation thus became imperative, and he secured a position with the Geological Survey of Canada at the modest salary, to begin with, of $500 a year. His first task consisted of classifying some of the accumulated specimens at Survey headquarters in Ottawa.

Tyrrell's field work began in 1883, when he accompanied Dr. G. M. Dawson, later Director of the Survey, on an exploration of the Rocky Mountains in the territories of Alberta and Assiniboia (now the Province of Alberta) and the Province of British Columbia, between the parallels of 49° and 51° 30′ North. The Crow's Nest Pass, North and South Kootenay Passes, and Kicking Horse Pass were explored geologically and geographically, providing a series of sections, running in each case completely across the Rocky Mountain range. Dawson and Tyrrell explored what later became known as the Rocky Mountain Trench, lying between the Rockies and the Selkirk Range, in which the Columbia and Kootenay

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rivers flow in opposite directions. The valley was examined in a preliminary manner from the mouth of Kicking Horse River to the International Boundary, a distance of about 200 miles. While Dawson did the geology, Tyrrell paced the distance and did part of the geographical survey. He was also responsible for fossils and rock specimens, and gathered in addition a large collection of plants. In the Crow's Nest Pass he discovered coal seams that have since been developed into important mines at Fernie, B.C.

Next year Tyrrell was for the first time given charge of a survey party. In the summers of 1884, 1885, and 1886, he carried on a survey of the country north of Calgary, between the Bow and North Saskatchewan rivers, comprising an area of about 27,000 square miles lying between 110° and 115° West Longi– tude. m ^ M ^ any coal seams were examined, in addition to which other geological, geographical, and topographical information was gathered, as well as informa– tion concerning the condition of the soil, the amount of timber, and the extent of grazing land.

During the years 1887 to 1891, inclusive, Tyrrell conducted surveys in northwestern Manitoba, chiefly in the Riding and Duck mountain regions and about Lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Winnipegosis. In 1880, he examined and reported upon an extensive deposit of gypsum which he predicted would one day provide the surrounding country with material for plaster. Later in the same season, he was taken ill with typhoid and carried out to hospital at Winnipeg, where he remained for the rest of the season. The data secured during these years provided material for subsequent studies of the movement of ice during glacial times and of the presence and extent of inter- and post-glacial [: ] lakes.

The following year, 1892, Tyrrell was sent into a new area. Crossing

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the Saskatchewan River at Prince Albert, he proceeded by wagon up the Shell River valley to Green Lake, where canoes were secured. A survey was made of that lake with compass and boat log, thence down Beaver River to Isle a la Crosse Lake, and from there to the Churchill River, which was reached on June 29.

The Churchill was descended to the mouth of the Mudgatick River, which was ascended to the height of land and across the portage to Cree Lake, fifty miles in length, which was found to lie along the line of contact of the Paleozoic with the Archaen rocks.

Tyrrell then proceeded down Cree River, which flows out of the north end of the lake, through Wapato Lake to Black Lake, and thence by way of Stone River to Lake Athabaska, where, at Fond du Lac, on the north shore of the lake, he replenished his supplies at the Hudson's Bay Post.

Leaving Fond du Lac on July 27, Tyrrell surveyed the north shore of Lake Athabaska to its eastern end, thence back up Stone River, and by way of Black Lake and River to Wollaston Lake. It was found that Wollaston Lake was astride the Mackenzie and Hudson Bay watersheds, some of its waters draining into the former through Lake Athabaska, while from the opposite side of the lake its waters flowed toward Hudson Bay by way of the Churchill through Reindeer Lake.

Then, in 1893, in company with his brother, James W. Tyrrell (q.v.), he undertook his most important exploratory journey, from Lake Athabaska to Hudson Bay, when the whole area beyond Black Lake to the northeast was pratically a blank on the map; and, except for what they were about to add, was to remain largely so until the coming of the airplane. Accompanied by four Indians, three of whom were Iroquois from [: ] eastern Canada, they launched their

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Peterborough canoes at Athabaska Landing, on the Athabaska River, 100 miles by wagon road from Edmonton. They traveled light, as their outfit had been shipped ahead by Hudson's Bay Company's steamer to await them at Fort Chipe– wyan, on the north shore of Lake Athabaska, near the western end.

An Indian guide with a third canoe was hired at Chipewyan, and on June 21 the party headed for the eastern end of the lake. Reaching there on July 1, they began the ascent of Stone River. Two very rough portages, one three miles and the ^ ^ other three and a half miles, made necessary six trips each way before the entire outfit of 4,000 pounds was brought across. Black flies were out in strength, which reminded James Tyrrell of the Indian legend that it was on these very portages that the Great Spirit first made the black flies. J. B. Tyrrell had traveled up and down Stone River from Black Lake to Lake Athabaska, the previous year, but his canoes had then been less heavily laden.

From river to lake and from lake to river, the course from Lake Atha– baska to the height of land was a continuous succession of portages. The course from Black Lake was almost due north. Just before the divide was reached they entered a large lake, too wide for both shores to be sketched from their line of travel, and they accordingly traversed its east side only. To this lake they gave the name Selwyn, after the Director of the Geological Survey. The lake proved to be about fifty miles long. At its farther end they found the portage leading northward over the height of land to the shore of another large lake, which they named Daly, after the Dominion Minister of the Interior. The portage, which wound between hills two or three hundred feet high (fourteen or fifteen hundred feet above sea level) was a mile and a quarter in length. Daly Lake was found to be fifty feet lower than its companion to the south.

The brothers reached Daly Lake on July 18. Four days later they located its outlet, source of the Dubawnt River, which they expected would lead them to Baker Lake, Chesterfield Inlet, and Hudson Bay. The river was broad and swift, divided into many channels, its course mainly northward. Although many rapids were encountered, few required portaging (their Iroquois delighted in running them!). The river seemed like a cord strung through a succession of lakes. They had reached the north end of one of these, which they named Barlow, on July 28, when they sighted their first caribou, the only game they had so far seen on the trip; and, since they were getting short of food, this was a welcome encounter.

Next day, however, as they were paddling through another considerable lake, which they named Carey, moving figures were noticed on shore, which upon investigation proved to be caribou. "The valleys and hills for miles appeared to be moving masses of caribou," wrote James Tyrrell. "To estimate their numbers would be impossible. They could only be reckoned in acres or square miles." He has since said that there were many hundreds of them and perhaps over a million. To replenish the larder was now the main business, and several days were spent drying meat.

On August 3, the outlet of Carey Lake was located, but the river imme– diately rushed down a rapid with about thirty feet of fall, followed within about twenty miles by seven other rapids with an aggregate drop of about 120 feet. This brought them to the level of Markham Lake, named in honor of Admiral A. H. Markham, R.N. After passing through this lake they once more proceeded down the river, running six rapids for a total fall of over 100 feet.

Dubawnt Lake was reached on August 7. It had been sighted by others than natives only once previously — by Samuel Hearne on his journey to the Copper– mine, more than a century before. Ice still covered most of its surface, but they were able to proceed along the shore, forced occasionally to stop because

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of the ice moving in ahead of them. Stormy weather also caused delays; and, as usual, the outlet was hard to find. It was not located till the evening of the 17th. The following morning they were on their way again, but not for far; about six miles from the lake's outlet, the river rushes down a rocky gorge, not more than fifty yards in width, and continues for two and a half miles, after which it widens ^ ^ into another lake.

They crossed this lake on the 19th, and went on down the Dubawnt, now broad and swift. That evening an Eskimo tent was seen on the river bank. At sich of the three canoes coming down their river, the women and children scurried inside, while a lone man stood guard outside. When however, assurances had been given that these visitors were friendly, those inside — two wives and six children — came running out to extend typical Eskimo hospitality. They had in their possession articles secured in trade from other Eskimos who had procured them from the Hudson's Bay Company's posts, either at Churchill or Marble Island. They sketched the river's course below, thus removing any doubts as to its destination.

The river continued to be the connecting link between a succession of lakes, but its course lay so far to the north and west that by the 25th, despite the Eskimos' assurances, they wondered whether, after all, it did flow into Baker Lake, especially since they had now passed beyond its latitude. That evening, however, a change occurred in the nature of the stream; the banks became lower, consisting of soft, coarse-grained sandstone. What [: ] surprised them was the presence of quantitie d ^ s ^ of driftwood, some of it consisting of spruce logs six to eight inches in diameter, such as they had not seen for a long time. This was explained when they reached the mouth of a large tributary, equal in sixe to the Dubawnt itself, flowing in from the west. Now known as

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the Thelon, it runs in its upper reaches for nearly two hundred miles through wooded country.

Next day, the river still ran northward; but in latitude 64° 41′ North it finally swung to the east, then southeast, and spread into the broad ex– panse of Aberdeen Lake, named by Tyrell after the then Governor General of Canada. Searching for the outlet from the lakes they encountered had been all along one of their chief causes of delay, and finding the outlet of Aberdeen Lake was no exception. However, on the evening of the 28th, they again discovered the river. Next morning they proceeded on their way and by noon had entered another lake, which they named Schultz. Its outlet they found to be in latitude 64° 48′ North, the highest latitude reached on their journey. On September 3rd, as they were paddling down the river, now about three hundred yards wide, they encountered an Eskimo encampment of several tents, where they were cordially received. Farther down they came on a large Eskimo village.

Shortly after leaving the village, the canoes emerged upon the waters of Baker Lake, which is about seventy miles in length and about half that across. According to their calculations, they had traveled, since leaving Black Lake, eight hundred and ten miles through an entirely unknown country. Their astronomical observations showed that the extremity of Baker Lake, as placed on existing maps of Canada, was nine miles too far south and about fifty miles too far west. Later explorations established that the Dubawnt and Thelon rivers together are navigable for river or York boats for a distance of three hundred and seventy-four miles above Baker Lake, with few rapids where portaging is necessary.

From the western end of Baker Lake to the mouth of Chesterfield Inlet the distance is two hundred and fifty miles, and this they covered between September 3rd

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and 12th. From there the next stage was a five-hundred-mile voyage southward along the low-lying coast of Hudson Bay. In good weather, with experienced paddlers and lightly loaded canoes, such a trip might easily have been made in a week or little more; but at that time of year, on such an exposed shore, everything was against travel by canoe.

Tyrrell has said that the worst rapids he has ever run in a canoe were along the Hudson Bay coast when the tide was rushing out. The slope of the beach is almost imperceptible, but it is broken by sudden drops over ledges and further complicated by scattered boulders. Ebb and flow are like tidal waves, and only expert canoemanship often prevented destruction of the canoes when caught in their flood.

From time to time the party secured a little game; the total was barely enough to keep them alive and provide energy for traveling and battling with the elements. As September wore on and October began, much ice formed along the shore, sometimes making it difficult for the travelers to reach land at night. Finally, on October 14, the shore ice extended so far out and was so broken that they were unable to reach land at all and were compelled to remain in their canoes all night. Only continuous bailing kept the canoes afloat and everyone was soaked with icy water.

In the morning they made their way to the landfast ice, across which they carried their canoes and thus reached solid ground, where camp was made in a clump of spruce trees — for they had now reached wooded country. Having a fire again was a great luxury. One of the Indians had both feet frozen and all were suffering from exposure and lack of food.

For most of them, further travel was out of the question. Two of the Indians were in better condition than the rest of the party and it was decided that they should go on foot to Churchill and get help. They left camp on

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October 16. Three days later they returned with dog sleds and provisions. Soon everybody was being cared for at Churchill.

It was still about a thousand miles to the nearest railway station. After seventeen days spent in recuperation at Churchill, and in making preparations for a resumption of the journey, they set off for the south on snowshoes, their outfit hauled by dogs. York Factory, at the mouth of the Hayes River, was their first objective. Normally a nine-day journey, they were delayed ten days in getting across the Nelson River, not yet frozen over and running a great deal of ice. Consequently it was November 24 before they reached York.

The next objective was Oxford House, two hundred and fifty miles up the Hayes, which they made without undue difficulty; and then on to Norway House, near the top of Lake Winnipeg, another one hundred and fifty miles. The going was good, and as their supplies lessened they were able to ride in the sleds. On New Year's Day, 1894, ten days after leaving Norway House, their dog teams trotted into West Selkirk, Manitoba. The telegraph soon carried welcome news to anxious relatives, since for some time considerable concern had been felt for their safety and the Government had sent out a search party that lad already returned without news.

This journey, comprising a canoe and snowshoe trip of three thousand two hundred miles, is described rather more fully than Tyrrell's other expeditions because of its importance from ^ a ^ geographical standpoint, and also because it shows the difficulties with which he and other surveyors were forced to contend in exploring and charting the then largely unknown western and northern areas of Canada.

In 1894, Tyrrell was off on another northern journey. This time his

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route led northward through Reindeer Lake to Cochrane River, thence across a height of land to Kasha Lake, which he reached on August 5. This lake he estimated to be about two hundred and twenty-one miles from Reindeer Lake, in which distance there had beenfifty-three portages. Proceeding northeast– ward down a river which he feared might lead him to Baker Lake and Chester– field Inlet, he took a portage route southeastward from latitude 63° 7′ North to the Ferguson River and descended that stream to Hudson Bay, which he reached on September 18. Once more a long canoe journey must be made down the open coast, but this time the season was earlier, and on October 1 Churchill was reached. Tyrrell estimated the distance traveled from Reindeer Lake to Hudson Bay at eight hundred and fifteen miles, the total distance in canoes over seventeen hundred miles.

During the following three years Tyrrell worked in the territory north of Lake Winnipeg and eastward to the Bay, through which region the Hudson Bay Railway now runs. Among other things, these journeys established that in Pleistocene time there had been a center of glaciation west of Hudson Bay from which a continental ice mass, which was named the Keewatin Glacier, had spread out in all directions.

In 1897 Tyrrell was asked to act as one of the secretaries of the geographical section of the British Association, meeting that year in Toronto. He read two papers, one on "The Glaciation of North Central Canada," the other on "The Physical Geography of the Barren Lands of Canada." In that year, too, news of a fabulous gold strike in the Yukon — the Klondike — was blazoned to the world. The Geological Survey sent him to Dawson City the following spring. He went in by way of Haynes, Alaska, spent the summer in the Yukon, and returned to Ottawa in the fall, shortly after which he resigned from

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the Survey. He and the then Minister of the Interior, Hon. (later Sir) Clifford Sifton, did not see eye-to-eye on matters of policy.

Tyrrell went back to Dawson in 1899, going in this time by way of Skagway and the Chilkoot Pass, to engage in private practice as a mining engineer. He was there five years and during that time reported on some of the principal properties in the district — and on many that did not turn out so well. His sojourn in the Yukon added much to geological knowledge.

In 1906 he established himself in Toronto as a mining engineer. At that time the great mineral wealth of northern Ontario and Quebec, to say norhing of the Northwest, was largely unsuspected. It is true the nickel deposits of Sudbury were known, and sensational silver had been discovered at Cobalt, but the secrets of Porcupine, Kirkland Lake, and Noranda were still locked in their granite fastnesses.

Tyrrell's life from now on was mostly associated with the opening up of this great mineral storehouse; but in 1912 he was induced to undertake an exploratory expedition for the Province [: ] of Ontario. Shortly before this the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba had been extended to take in large areas lying westward of Hudson Bay and, in the case of Manitoba, reach– ing in latitude 60° North. The dividing line between Ontario and Manitoba ran just south of the Nelson River. It was the territory newly acquired by the Province of Ontario, and especially a fifty-mile strip along the Hudson Bay coast between the mouth of the Nelson and the western bounda ^ r ^ y of Ontario, that Tyrrell was asked to survey.

At that time the Province of Ontario was contemplating the possibility of a railway to Port Nelson, at the mouth of the Nelson River, then also the expected terminus of the proposed Hudson Bay Railway from The Pas, which was later diverted to Churchill. In anticipation, the Ontario Government

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had secured from the Province of Manitoba certain waterfront rights on the river and bay and a right of way across Manitoba territory between the Ontario boundary and the Nelson River. Tyrrell was to locate these lands and rights; on his return journey he was to explore as much as possible of the new territory just acquired by the province, obtaining such general information as to its character, resources, and possibilities as he could.

He and his party proceeded up Lake Winnipeg by steamer to Norway House. From there they took canoes down the Nelson to the mouth of the Echimamish, which flows into the Nelson from the east. They then followed that stream to its source, and over a short, rocky divide to the Hayes River and down to York Factory. A track survey was made, the distances on rivers and smaller lakes being estimated, while the lengths of larger lakes were measured by boat log.

From York Factory the survey of the coastal region, both east and west of the mouth of the Hayes, was undertaken. The location of a suitable site for a railway crossing of the Hayes had also been requested, but it was found necessary to go thirty-three miles up the river before such a site could be found.

The season was well advanced before all this was done and Tyrrell set about returning through the new district as instructed. Taking passage on a small sailing vessels of the Hudson's Bay Company, he and his party sailed down the coast to the mouth of the Severn River, which took eight days. They then hauled their canoes with lines up the Severan a distance of fifty-six miles to the mouth of Fawn River, a beautiful clear stream one hundred and fifty yards in width at its mouth. Up this stream, which with its lake system roughly parallels the Severn, they tracked their canoes for one hundred and

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eighty miles, reaching Trout Lake on September 21. From then until the 13th of October their course consisted of river, lake, portage, lake, river, portage, etc., until they reached Cat Lake, in explored territory. Two more rivers, one portage and two lakes brought them to Sioux Lookout, a station on the National Transcontinental Railway, seven weeks from the mouth of the Severn River. During the season, they had traveled one thousand, four hundred and twenty-eight miles and negotiated one hundred and thirty portages. This was J. B. Tyrrell's last exploratory expedition.

Back in Toronto, at his profession, he was kept busy reporting on various mining properties; and he had something to do with the beginnings of many of the mines that are now big producers in Porcupine and Kirkland Lake. Even– tually he became interested in the development of properties owned by Kirkland Lake Mines, Limited. The owners had spent upwards of $1,000,000 but had not discovered paying ore, although the property was adjacent to two of the most promising mines in the Kirkland Lake camp. Believing that ore would be found, but at a greater depth, Tyrrell called in an independent engineer to check his conclusions and then agreed to arrange for the necessary financing. He became president and managing director of the company; and ore was struck, as Tyrrell had expected, at 1,800 feet. The mine has not been one of the spectacular ones, but has since produced gold to the value of over $20,000,000, a profitable venture for all concerned.

Although still its president, Tyrrell has not of late years been so active in the management of the mine. In order to keep occupied he had taken up apple growing on a farm not far from Toronto. Although this enterprise was begun after he was 70, he has lived to see his apple trees nature and produce fruit. Like everything else he has undertaken, Dr. Tyrrell has entered into the business of growing apples in a thorough manner and is far from being [: ] an amateur horticulturist.

J. B. Tyrrell is a link with the Dominion's earliest days; he was nine years old when it came into being. His father was a contemporary of the Fathers of Conf ^ ed ^ eration and knew many of them intimately. In the mountains and on the prairies before the railways were built, J. B., as he is often called, has seen the settlement of the West and the opening of the North.

At all times and wherever he has gone his has been the observant eye and the inquiring mind. He has written many books and pamphlets; and while he has stuck closely to his own field, his range of interests within that field is wide, extending from the formation of ice on northern lakes to the dates of arrivals and departures of ships in Hudson Bay.

Since a good deal of his work has paralleled that of David Thompson, the great explorer of fur-trade days, Tyrrell has been deeply interested in Thompson's work, has edited his journal, and has done much to rescue him from the obscurity that once enfolded him. He has also edited Hearne's and Turnan's journals, with an introduction and valuable notes.

Universities and learned societies have honored Tyrrell, and he has been awarded many decorations, such as the Back Award by the Royal Geographical Society in 1896; the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London, 1918; the Daly Medal of the American Geographical Society of New York; the Flavelle Medal of the Royal Society of Canada; and, in 1947, the Woolaston Medal of the Geological Society of London. His alma mater has awarded him an honorary LL.D. (1930), and Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., did likewise in 1940.

D. M. LeBourdais