Bird Write-ups: Encyclopedia Arctica 4: Zoology (Birds)

Classification of Arctic Birds

EA-Ornithology (George M. Sutton)

CLASSIFICATION OF ARCTIC BIRDS

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classification

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classifications

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classifications

EA-Orn. Sutton: Classifications

Gaviiformes (Loons)

EA-Ornithology (George Miksch Sutton)

LOONS

EA-Orn. Sutton: Loons

EA-Orn. Sutton: Arctic Loon

EA-Orn. Sutton: Arctic Loon

BIBLIOGRAPHY References:

1. Bailey, A. M. Birds of Arctic Alaska . Denver, Co ^ l ^ ., Colorado Museum of Natural History, 1948. Popular Ser. No. 8.

2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American diving birds,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.107, pp.67-72, 1919.

3. Haviland, M.D. A Summer on the Yenesei . Lond., Arnold,1915.

4. Hersey, F.S. “The status of the Black-throated Loo a n ( Gavia arctica ) as a North American bird,” Auk , vol.34, pp.283-90, 1917.

5. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Har– vard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1, p.34.

6. Pike, O.G. “Photographing the Black-throated Diver and Gray Lag-goose,” British Birds , vol.5, pp.178-85, 1911.

7. Stonor, C.R. Courtship and Display Among Birds . Lond., Country Life Ltd., 1940, p.62, and plate 37.

8. Sutton, G.M. “The birds of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay,” Carnegie Mus. Mem . vol.12, pt.2, sect.2, pp.13-18, 1932.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Common Loon

EA-Orn. Sutton: Common Loon

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Dunlop, E.B. “Notes on the Great Northern Diver,” British Birds vol.9, pp.142-27, 1915.

2. Munro, J.A. “Observations of the loon in the Cariboo Parklands, British Columbia,” Auk , vo.62, pp.38-49, 1945.

3. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1.

4. Rand, A.L. “Notes on some Greenland birds,” Auk , vol.64, p.282, Apr., 1947.

5. Shortt, T.M., and Peters, H.S. “Some recent bird records from Canada’s Eastern Arctic,” Canad.J.Res . vol.20, sect.D, no.11, p.339, Nov., 1942.

6. Yeates, G.K. “Field notes on the nesting habits of ^ ^ the Great Northern Diver,” British Birds , vol.43, pp.5-8, and plates 1-9, 1950.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gavia

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gaviiformes

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gaviiformes

BIBLIOGRAPHY References:

1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American diving birds,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.107, pp.47-82, plates 45 and 46, 1919.

2. Sutton, G.M. “The wing molts of adult loons: a review of the evidence,” Wilson Bull . vol.55, pp.145-50, 1943.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Red-throated Loon

BIBLIOGRAPHY References:

1. Haviland, M.D. A Summer on the Yenesei . Lond., Arnold, 1915, p.198.

2. Huxley, J.S. “Courtship activities in the Red-throated Diver ( Colymbus stellatus Pontopp .); together with a discussion of the evolution of courtship in birds,” Linnaean Soc. J. (Zool. ) vol.35, pp.253-92, 1923.

3. Keith, D.B. “The Red-throated Diver in North East Land (Spitsbergen),” British Birds , vol.31, pp.66-81, 1937.

4. Turner, E.L. “The Red-throated Diver in its breeding-haunts,” Ibid . vol.7, pp.150-55, 1913.

5. Van Oordt, G.J., and Huxley, J.S. “Some observations on the habits of the Red-throated Diver in Spitsbergen,” Ibid . vol.16, pp.34-46, 1922.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Yellow-billed Loon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY References:

1. Bailey, A.M. Birds of Arctic Alaska . Denver, Co ^ l ^ ., Colorado Museum of Natural History, 1948, pp.133-38. Popular Ser . no.8.

2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American diving birds,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.107, pp.60-65, 1919.

3. Birulia, A. “Ocherki iz zhizni ptits poliarnago poberezhia Sibiri.” (Sketches from the life of the birds of the arctic shores of Siberia.). Akad.Nauk. Classe Phys.-Mat. Mem. Zapiski , ser.8, vol.18, no.2, 1907.

4. Brandt, Herbert. Alaska Bird Trails . Cleveland, O., The Author, 1943, p.319.

5. Critchell-Bullock, J.C. “An expedition to sub-arctic Canada,” Canad . Field Nat . vol.45, p.12, Jan., 1931.

6. Pleske, Theodore. “Birds of the Eurasian tundra,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Mem . vol.6, no.3, p.353, Apr., 1928.

7. Shortt, T.M., and Peters, H.S. “Some recent bird records from Canada’s Eastern Arctic,” Canad.J.Res . vol.20, sect.D, no.11, p.339, Nov., 1942.

8. Taverner, P.A. “Fieldfare, an addition to the American list, and some arctic notes,” Auk , vol.57, p.119, Jan., 1940.

9. Zimmer, J.T. “Yellow-billed loon on Long Island, New York,” Ibid . vol.64, pp.145-46, Jan., 1947.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Grebes

EA-Orn. Sutton: Grebes

EA-Orn. Sutton: Grebes

BIBLIOGRAPHY References:

1. Pike, O.G. “The Black-necked Grebe,” British Birds , vol.13, pp.146-54, 1919.

2. Stresemann, Erwin. “The earliest description of the black-necked grebe,” Ibis , vol.90, no.3, pp.473-74, 1948.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Colymbiformes

EA-Orn. Sutton: Colymbus

EA-Orn. Sutton: Great Crested Grebe

<bibl> 1. Huxley, J.S. “Courtship of the Great Crested Grebe,” Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc . 1914, pp.491-562. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1, p.39. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Rankin, Niall. Haunts of British Divers . N.Y., Collins, 1947. Pt.1, pp.1-46, with many photographs. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Grebe

EA-Orn. Sutton: Horned Grebe

EA-Orn. Sutton: Horned Grebe

<bibl> 1. BuBois, A.D. “Notes on the breeding habits of the Slavonian Grebe,” British Birds , vo.14, pp.2-10, 1930. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Little Grebe

<bibl> 1. Bird, G.C. “Notes of the Little Grebe,” British Birds , vol.27, pp.34-37. 1933. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Red-necked Grebe

<bibl> 1. Artobolevskii, V.M. “Kornitofaune zemli Chukchei.” (Birds of the land of the Chuckches.) Kiev. Universitet. Obshchestvo Estestvoispytatelei. Zapiski…Mem. vol.27, no.1, p.37. 1926. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American diving birds,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.107, pp.9-20, and plate 44 (egg in color), 1919. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Buturlin, S.A. “Bemerkungen über die geographische Verbreitung der Vögel im nordöstlichen Sibirien,” J.für Ornithol . vol.56, no.2, p.289, Apr., 1908. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Pleske, Theodore. “Birds of the Eurasian tundra,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Mem . vol.6, no.3, p.355, Apr., 1928. </bibl> <bibl> 5. White, F.B. “Manners of Holboell’s Grebe in captivity,” Auk , vol.48, pp.559-63, 1931. </bibl>

Procellariiformes (Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, Petrels)

EA-Orn. Sutton: Albatrosses

ALBATROSSES, FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, PETRELS, AND THEIR ALLIES

EA-Orn. Sutton: Albatrosses

EA-Orn. Sutton: Albatross

<bibl> 1. Alexander, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1938. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Knowlton, F.H., and Ridgway, Robert. Birds of the World . N.Y., Holt, 1909, pp.107-10. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Murphy, R.C. “Birds of the high seas,” Nat.Geogr.Mag . vol.74, pp.226-51, 1938. </bibl> <bibl> 4. - - - -. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. Vol.1. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Black-browed Albatross.

<bibl> 1. Alexander, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Black-browed Albatross

<bibl> 2. Andersen, K. “ Diomedea melanophrys boende paa Faeroerne,” Vid. Medd ., pp.241-64, 1894. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Cobb, A.F. Birds of the Faulkland Islands . Lond., Witherby, 1933, pp.13-15. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Hartert, Ernst. Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna . Berlin, Friedländer, 1910-21. Vol.2, p.1442. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Hørring, Rich., and Finn Salomonsen. “Further records of rare or new Green– land birds,” Medd.Grønland , vol.131, pp.59-60, 1941. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. Vol.2, pp.505-14. </bibl> <bibl> 7. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “Intermittent breeding of the fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis (L.)), with some general observations on non-breeding in sea-birds,” Zool.Soc.Lon. Proc . vol.109, ser. A, p.130, 1939. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Black-footed Albatross

<bibl> 1. Alexand d ^ e ^ r, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928, p.22. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.1-5, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Dill, H.R., and Bryan, W.A. Report of an Expedition to Laysan Island in 1911 . Wash., G.P.O., 1912, p.17, U.S.Bur. of Biological Survey. Bull . no.42. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Richards, T.W. “Nesting of Diomedea nigripes and D. immutabilis on Midway Islands,” Condor , vol.11, pp.122-23, 1909. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Yocom, Charles. “Notes on behavior and abundance of the Black-footed Albatrosses in the Pacific waters off the continental North American shores,” Auk , vol.64, pp.507-23, 1947. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Bulweria

EA-Orn. Sutton: Diomedea

<bibl> 1. Hartert, Ernst. “Types of birds in the Tring Museum. B. Types in general collection. VII. (Turbinares.),” Novitates Zool . vol.33, no.3, pp.344-46, 1926. </bibl> <bibl> 2. ----. Die Vögel der Paläarktischen Fauna. Berling, Friedländer, 1910-21. vol.2, pp.1438-43. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Murphy, R.D. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. vol.1, p.491. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Diomedea and Diomedeidae

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American [: ] petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.132-37, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Grinnell, Joseph. “Petrels of Alaska,” Nidologist, vol.4, p.76, 1897. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Stejneger, L.H. Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka . Wash., G.P.O., 1885, pp.98-99. U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.29. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Fork-tailed Petrel and Fulmar

EA-Orn. Sutton: Fulmar

EA-Orn. Sutton: Fulmar

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.31-46, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bird, G.C., and Bird, E.G. “The birds of Jan Mayen Island,” Ibis , ser.13, vol.5, p.846, 1935. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Collett, Robert, and Nansen, Fridtjof. “An account of the birds,” Nansen, Fridtjof, ed. The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896 . Scientific Results . Lond., N.Y., Longmans, Green, 1900, vol.1, no.4, p.50. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Darling, F.F. Wild Country . Cambridge, Eng, University Press, 1938, pp.11-19. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Fisher, James, and Waterston, George. “The breeding distribution, history and population of the fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ) in the British Isles,” J.Animal Ecol . vol.10 no.2, pp.204-72, Nov., 1941. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Hantzsch, Bernard. “Contribution to the knowledge of the avifauna of north– eastern Labrador,” Canad.Field Nat . vol.42, p.172, Oct., 1928. </bibl> <bibl> 7. Koenig, A.F. Avifauna Spitzbergensis . Bonn, Druck von W. Büxenstein, 1911, pp.204-206. </bibl> <bibl> 8. Kumlien, Ludwig. “Contributions to the natural history of arctic America, made in connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.15, pp.101-102, 1879. </bibl> <bibl> 9. Macgillivray, William. History of British Birds . London, 1837-52. 5 vol. </bibl> <bibl> 10. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. 2 vol. </bibl> <bibl> 11. Pike, O.B. “Notes on the habits of the Fulmar Petrel,” British Birds , vol.8, pp.230, 232, June, 1914-May, 1915. </bibl> <bibl> 12. Pleske, Theodore. “Birds of the Eurasian tundra,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Mem . vol.6, no.3, pp.107-485, Apr., 1928. </bibl> <bibl> 13. Stejneger, L.H. Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. Wash., G.P.O., 1885, p.95. U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.29. </bibl> <bibl> 14. Witherby, H.F. Handbook of British Birds . London, Witherby, 1942, vol.2, p.445. </bibl> <bibl> 15. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “Intermittent breeding of the fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis (L.)), with some general observations on non-breeding in sea-birds,” Zool.Soc.Lond. Proc . vol.109, ser.A, pp.127-32, 1939. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Fulmar

<bibl> 1. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1, p.47. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Wetmore, Alexander. “Observations on fossil birds described from the Miocene of Maryland,” Auk , vol.43, pp.464-65, Oct., 1926. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Fulmarus and Greater Shearwater

EA-Orn. Sutton: Greater Shearwater

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.65-71, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Brockhuysen, G.J. “Observations on the Great Shearwater in the breeding-season, British Birds , vol.41, pp.338-41, 1948. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. Vol.2, pp.660-64. </bibl> <bibl> 4. O’Reilly, Bernard. Greenland, the Adjacent Seas, and the North-West Passage to the Pacific Ocean . Lond., Baldwin, Craddock and Joy, 1818, pp.140-41, and plate 12. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Wayne, A.T. “Effect of the great cyclone of August 26-27 upon certain [: ] species of birds,” Auk , vol.11, p.85, Jan., 1894. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Wilk e ^ i ^ ns, G.H. “Report on the birds collected during the voyage of the ‘Quest’ (Shackleton-Rowett Expedition) to the southern Atlantic,” Ibis , ser.11, vol.5, no.3, p.499, July, 1923. </bibl> <bibl> 7. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “On the habits and distribution of birds of the north Atlantic,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Proc . vol.40, p.255, 1935. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Leach’s Petrel

<bibl> 1. Ainslie, J.A., and Atkinson, Robert. “On the breeding habits of Leach’s Fork-tailed Petrel,” British Birds , vol.30, pp.234-48, 276-77, 1937. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Brown, F.A. “Machias Seal Islands,” Bird-Lore , vol.13, p.239, 1911. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Chapman, F.M. Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America . N.Y., Apple– ton, 1912, p.177. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Griffin, D.R. “Homing experiments with Leach’s petrels,” Auk , vol.57, p.73, Jan., 1940. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Gross, W.A.O. “The life history cycle of Leach’s Petrel ( Oceanodroma leucorghoa leucorhoa ) on the outer islands of the Bay of Fundy,” Ibid . vol.52, pp.382-99, 1935. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Murphy, R.C. “Birds of the high seas,” Nat.Geogr.Mag . vol.74, p.228, 1938. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Manx Shearwater.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Manx Shearwater and Mollymauk

<bibl> 1. Alexander, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928, pp.43-44. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Lockley, R.M. “Further notes on the breeding-habits of the Manx Shearwater,” British Birds , vol.24, pp.202-07, 1931. </bibl> <bibl> 3. - - - -. “On the breeding-habits of the Manx Shearwater, with special reference to its incubation- and fledging-periods,” Ibid , vol.23, pp. 202-18, 1930. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol. 1, p. 57. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: [: ] Mother Carey’s Chicken

EA-Orn. Sutton: Oceanodroma and Petrel

<bibl> 1. Bannerman, D. C. “The distribution and nidification of the Tubinares in the Tubinares in the North Atlantic islands,” Ibis , ser.10, vol.2, pp.438-94, 1914. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.1-181, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Fisher, James, and Waterston, George. “The breeding distribution, history xand population of the fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis ) in the British Isles,” J.Animal Ecol. vol.10, no.2, pp.204-72, Nov., 1941. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Lower, P.R. “On the classification of the Tubinares on Petrels,” Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc . 1925, pp.1433-43. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Procellariiformes and Pterodroma

<bibl> 5. Matthews, L.H. “The origin of stomach oil in the petrels, with compara– tive observations on the avian proventriculus,” Ibis , vol.91 pp.373-92, 1949. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936, pp.471-89. </bibl> <bibl> 7. Nichols, J.T. “Size in the avian order Tubinares,” Ibis , ser.10, vol.2, no.5, pp.315-16, Jan., 1914. </bibl> <bibl> 8. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1, pp.68-75. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Puffinus

EA-Orn. Sutton: Scaled Petrel and Shearwater

EA-Orn. Sutton: Shearwater and Short-tailed Albatross

<bibl> Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat. Mus. Bull . no. 121, pp. 54-106, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Alexander, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.6-9, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Stejneger, L.H. Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka . Wash., G.P.O., 1885, pp.89-91. U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.29. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Slender-billed Shearwater.

<bibl> 1. Alexander, W.B. Birds of the Ocean . N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928, P. 38. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bailey, A.M., Brower. C.D., and Bishop, L.B. “Birds of the region of Point Barrow, Alaska,” Chicago Academy of Sciences. Program of Activities , vol. 4, no. 2, p.18. Apr., 1933. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . vol. 121, p. 96, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Montgomery, H.H. “On the habits of the Mutton-bird of Bass Strait, Australia ( Puffinus tenuirostris ),” Ibis , pp. 209-16, 1898. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life Histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.85-90, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Johnson, A.W., and others. Los Aves de Chile . In press. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. Vol.2, pp.666-73. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Richdale, L.E. “The sooty shearwater in New Zealand,” Condor , vol.46, pp.93-107, 1944. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “On the habits and distribution of birds of the north Atlantic,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Proc . vol.40, pp.261, 263, 1935. </bibl>

EA-Orn Sutton: Storm Petrel or Stormy Petrel

<bibl> 1. Gordon, S.P. “Some breeding-habits of the Storm-Petrel,” British Birds, vol. 24, pp. 245-48, 1931. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Lockley, R.M. “On the breeding habits of the Storm-Petrel, with special reference to its incubation and fledging periods,” ibid ., vol. 25, pp. 206-11, 1932. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Alexander, W. B. Birds of the Ocean. N.Y., Lond., Putnam, 1928, p.86. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American pet ^ r ^ els and pelicans and their allies,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.121, p.166, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Clarke, W.E. “Ornithological results of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. — II. On the birds of the South Orkney Islands,” Ibis , ser.8, vol.6. no.21, p.145, Jan., 1906. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Hall, Robert. “Field-notes on the birds of Kerguelen Island,” Ibid . ser.7, vol.6, no.21, p.1, Jan., 1900. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936. Vol.2, p.751. </bibl> <bibl> 6. Wynne-Edwards, V.C. “On the habits and distribution of birds of the north Atlantic,” Boston Soc.Nat.Hist. Proc . vol.40, pp.233-46, 1935. </bibl>

Pelecaniformes (Gannets, Cormorants)

EA-Orn. Sutton: Cormorants, Gannets, and their Allies

CORMORANTS, GANNETS, AND THEIR ALLIES

EA-Orn. Sutton: Common Cormorant

EA-Orn. Sutton: Cormorant

<bibl> 1. Kumlien, Ludwig. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America , Made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78 . Wash., G.P.O., 1879, U.S.Nat.Mus. Bull . no.15. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Peters, H.S. “European Cormorants nesting in Nova Scotia,” Canad. Field Nat . Vol.54, pp.59-60, 1940. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Stuart, L.D. “Vital statistics of the Mochrum Cormorant colony,” British Birds , vol.41, pp.194-99, 1948. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Turner, H.L. “Cormorants in Norfolk,” British Birds , vol.8, pp.130-42, 1914. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Austin, O.L. The Birds of Newfoundland Labrador . Cambridge, Mass., Nuttall Ornithological Club, Sept. 1932, p.33. The Club Mem . Vol.17. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Gross, O. “The present status of the Double-crested Cormorant on the coast of Main,” Auk. Vol.61, pp.513-37, 1944. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Lewis, H.F. The Natural History of the Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacro – corax auritus auritus (Lesson)) . Ottawa, Quebec Society for the Protection of Birds, 1929. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gannet

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gannet and Green Cormorant

<bibl> 1. Fisher, James and Vevers, H.G. “The breeding distribution, history and population of the North Atlantic Gannet ( Sula bassana ),” J. Animal Ecol . Vol.13, pp.49-62, 1944. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Gurney, J.H. The Gannet, a Bird with a History . London, witherby, 1913. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Vevers, H.G. and Evans, F.C. “A census of breeding Gannets ( Sula bassana ) on Myggenaes Holm, Faeroes,” J. Animal Ecol . Vol.7, pp.298-302, 1938. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Lack. David. “The econolgy of closely related species with special ref– erence to Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) and Shag ( P. aris – totelis ),” J. Animal Ecol ., vol.14, pp.12-16, 1945. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World , Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Univ. Press, 1931, vol.1, p.89. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Steven, G.A. “The food consumed by shags and cormorants around the shores of Cornwall (England),” Marine Biol. Ass. U.K. J . vol.19, n.s., pp.277-92, 1933. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Morus and Pallas’s Cormorant

EA-Orn. Sutton: Pallas’s Cormorant

<bibl> 1. Baird, S.F., Brewer, T.M. and Ridgway, R. “The water birds of North Amer– ica. Vol.2,” Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zool. Mem . Vol.13, pp. 164-66, 1884. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Stejneger, Leonhard. “Results of ornithological explorations in the Com– mander Islands and in Kamtschatka,” U.S.Nat. Mus. Bull . no.29, pp.180, 190, 1885. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Pelagic Cormorant

EA-Orn. Sutton:Pelagic cormorant

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull . no.121, pp.271-78, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Dall, V ^ W ^ .H., and others. Alaska; History, Geography, Resources. N. Y., Doubleday, 1901, plate opp. p.212 Harriman Alaska Expedition , vol.2. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Stejneger, Leonhard. “Results of ornithological explorations in the Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka,” U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull . no.29, pp. 187-88, 1885. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Pelecaniformes

<bibl> 1. Hartert, Ernest. Vögel der Paläsrktischen Fauna ^ Vögel der Paläsrktischen Fauna. ^ Berlin, Frieländer, 1910-21. 2 vol. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Lanham, U.N. “Notes on the phylogeny of the Pelecaniformes,” Auk , vol.64, pp.65-70, 1947. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Phalacrocoracidae.

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American petrels and pelicans and their allies,” U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull . no.21, pp.279-82, 1922. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Krasheninnikov, S.P. Opisanie Zemli Kemchatki . St. Petersburg, Akad. Nauk, 18 1755. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Shag and Sulidae

<bibl> 3. Palmer, Williams. “The avifauna of the Pribilof Islands,” Jordan, D.S. The Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean . Wash. G.P.O. 1899, pt. 3, pp.373, 378. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Stejneger, L.H. “Results of the ornithological explorations — the Com– mander Islands and in Kamtschatka,” U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull . no.29, p. 185, 1885. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Knowlton, F.H., and Ridgway, Robert. Birds of the World . N.Y., Holt, 1909, pp.133-36. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Murphy, R.C. Oceanic Birds of South America . N.Y., American Museum of Natural History, 1936, vol.2, p.834. </bibl>

Ciconiiformes (Herons)

EA-Orn. Sutton: Herons

HERONS

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ardea

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ardeidae

Anseriformes (Swans, Geese, Ducks)

EA-Orn. Sutton: Swans

SWANS

EA-Orn. Sutton: Swans, Anseriformes

EA-Orn. Sutton: Anseriformes

<bibl> 1. Delacour, Jean, and Mayr, Ernst. “The family Anatidae,” Wilson Bull . vol. 57, pp.2-55, 1945. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Evans, A.H. “Birds,” Cambridge Natural History , vol.9, p.108, London and New York, Macmillan, 1899. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Howard, Hildegarde. “Fossil evidence of avian evolution,” Ibis , vol.92, no.1, pp.9-11, 1950. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Peters, J.L. Check-List of Birds of the World . Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Univ. Press, 1931. Vol.1. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Scott, Peter. “Key to the Wildfowl of the World,” The second annual report of the Severn Wildfowl Trust. London, Country Life Ltd., 1948-49. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Bewick’s Swan

<bibl> 1. Buturlin, A.A. “The breeding-grounds of the Rosy Gull,” Ibis , vol.6, ser.8, p.132, 1906. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Haviland, M.D. A Summer on the Yenesei . Lond., Arnold, 1915, p.59. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Pleske, Theodore. “Birds of the Eurasian tundra,” Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Mem . vol.6, no.3, p.311, 1928. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Schaanning, H.T.L. “Østfinmarkens fuglefauna. Ornithologiske meddelelser vedrørende trakterne om Varangerfjorden, specielt Sydvarangers fauna i aarene.1900-1906,” Bergens Mus. Aarb . 1907, no.8, p.78. </bibl> <bibl> 5. Tervor-Battye, Aubyn. Ice-Bound on Kolguev . 2d ed. lond., Constable, 1895, pp.425-27. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Cygnini

EA-Orn. Sutton: Trumpeter Swan

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American wild fowl,” U.S.Nat. Mus. Bull . no.130, pp.293-301, 1925. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Kortright, F.H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America . Wash., D.C., American Wildlife Inst., 1942, pp.77-80. </bibl> <bibl> 3. MacFarlane, Roderick. “Notes on and list of birds and eggs collected in arctic America,” U.S.Nat.Mus. Proc . vol.14, p.425, 1891. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Whistling Swan

<bibl> 1. Bailey, A.M. The Birds of Arctic Alaska . Denver, Col., Colorado Museum of Natural History, 1948, pp.147-51. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Kortright, F.H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America . Wash., D.C., American Wildlife Inst., 1942. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Sutton, G.M. “Birds of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay,” Carnegie Mus. Mem . vol.12, pt. 2, sect. 2, pp.25-30, 1932. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: whooper Swan

<bibl> Gordon, Audrey. “Nesting of Whooper Swan in Scotland,” British Birds , vol.15, pp.170-71, 1922. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Geese

EA-Orn. Sutton: Geese

EA-Orn. Sutton: Anser

EA-Orn. Sutton: Anserini

EA-Orn. Sutton: Barnacle Goose

<bibl> Jourdain, F.C.R. “The breeding habits of the Barnacle Goose.” Auk , vol.39, pp.166-71, 1922. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Bean Goose

<bibl> 1. Congreve, W.M. “Breeding of the Pink-footed Goose in Iceland,” Auk , vol. 46, pp.533-34, 1939. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Hartert, Ernst, and Steinbacher, F. “Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna,” Erg Bd ., Heft 5: pp.433-34, 1936. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Johansen, H. “Om Racer af Saedgaes,” Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tiddskrift , vol.39, pp.106-27, 1945. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Blue Goose

EA-Orn. Sutton: Blue Goose

<bibl> 1. Salomonsen, F. “The status of the Greenland Snow Goose, Anser caerulescens atlantica (Kenn.).” Medd. om Grønland , vol.92, pp.1-11, 1933. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Soper, J.D. “Discovery of the breeding grounds of the Blue Goose,” Canad . Field-Nat . vol.44, pp.1-11, 1930. </bibl> <bibl> 3. ----. “The Blue Goose [ Chen caerulescens (Linnaeus)]. An account of its breeding ground, migration, eggs, nests, and general habits.” Bull . Dept. Interior, Dominion of Canada, 1930. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Sutton, G.M. “The Blue Goose and Lesser Snow Goose on Southampton Island, Hudson Bay,” Auk . Vol.48, pp.335-64, 1931. </bibl>

EA-Brant or Brent

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American wild fowl,” Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. Vol.130, pp.237-58, 1925. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Handley, C.O., Jr. “The Brant of Prince Patrick Island, Northwest Ter– ritories,” Wilson Bulletin , vol.62, 1950. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Lewis, H.F. “Migrations of the American Brent ( Branta bernicla hrota ),” Auk , vol.54, pp.73-95, 1937. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Branta and Canada Goose

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life histories of North American wild fowl,” Bull . U.S. Natl. Mus. Vol.130, pp.204-236, 1925. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Kortright, F.H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America , pp.81-10, 1942. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Taverner, P.A. “A study of Branta canadensis (Linnaeus). The Canada Goose.” Annual Report, 1929, Nat. Mus. Canada, pp.30-40, 1931. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Bailey, A.M. Birds of Arctic Alaska , Colorado Mus. of Nat. Hist., 1948. pp.158-161. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Brandt, Herbert. Alaska Bird Trails , Cleveland, Ohio, 1943, pp.271-281. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Gray-lag Goose

<bibl> Best, Mary G.S., and Haviland, M.D. “The sense of smell in the Gray-lag goose,” British Birds , vol.7, pp.34-37, 1913. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Red-breasted Goose

<bibl> Popham, H.L. “Notes on birds observed on the Yenesei River, Siberia, in 1895,” Ibis , vol.3, ser.8, pp.99-100, 1897. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ross’s Goose

<bibl> Taverner, P.A. “The nesting of Ross’s Goose Chen rossi ,” Canad. Field. –Nat . vol.54, pp.127-30, 1940. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ross’s Goose and Snow Goose

<bibl> 1. Haig-Thomas, David. Tracks in the Snow , London and New York, 1939, p.264. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: White-fronted Goose

<bibl> 2. Manning, T.H. “Blue and Lesser Snow Geese on Southampton and Baffin Islands.” Auk , vol.59, pp.158-75, 1942. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Salomonsen, Finn. “The status of the Greenland Snow Goose, Anser caerulescens atlantica (Kenn.),” Medd. Grønland , vol.92, pp.1-11, 1933. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Sutton, G.M. “The Blue Goose and Lesser Snow Goose on Southampton Island, Hudson Bay.” Auk , vol.48, pp.335-64, 1931. </bibl> <bibl> Haviland, Maud. A Summer on the Yenesi , p. 154 (midsummer molt), 1914. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ducks

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ducks

EA-Orn. Sutton: Ducks

EA-Orn. Sutton: Anas.

EA-Orn. Sutton: Anatinae and Aythya

<bibl> Munro, J.A. “The Barrow Golden-eye in The Okanagan Valley, British Columbia.” Condor , vol.20, pp.15-, 1918. </bibl> <bibl> Bent, A.C. “Life Histories of North American wild fowl.” Bull . U. S. Natl. Mus. vol.130, pp.24-32, 1925. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Bucephala and Clangula

<bibl> 1. Bent, A.C. “Life history of North American wild fowl.” Bull . U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.130, pp.79-107, 1925. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Best M.G.S. and Haviland, M.D. “Notes on the breeding habits of the Common Eider as observed in the Outer Hebrides.” British Birds , vol.7, pp.101-4, 1913. </bibl> <bibl> 3. Feddersen, Arthur. “L’Eider en Island.” Rev . des Sci. Nat. Appliquees. Bull. Bimens . Soc. Nat. d’Acclimat., Paris vol.37, pp.189-200 and 296-307, 1890. </bibl> <bibl> 4. Gross, A.O. “Eider Ducks of Kent’s Island.” Auk , vol.55, pp.387-400, 1938. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: European Widgeon

<bibl> 1. Hasbrouck, E.M. “Apparent status of the European Widgeon in North America.” </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Goldeneye.

<bibl> 1. Brewster, William. “Notes on the breeding habits of the American Golden– eyed Duck or Whistler.” Auk , vol.17, pp.207-16, 1900. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Munro, J.A. “Studies of waterfowl in British Columbia (No. 9). Barrow’s Golden-eye, American Golden-eye,” Trans . Royal Canad. Instl. vol.22, pp.259-318, 1939. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Caldwell, Cyril. “The feeding habits of American Mergansers.” Canadian Field-Naturalist , vol.53, p..55, 1939. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Gilroy, Norman. “Notes on the nesting of the Goosander.” British Birds , vol.2, pp.400-5, 1909. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Histrionicus and King Eider

<bibl> Dutcher, William. “The Labrador Duck — A revised list of the extant specimens in North America, with some historical notes.” Auk , vol.8, pp.201-16, 1891. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Long-tailed Duck

<bibl> 1. Speirs, J.M. “Flight-speed of the Old-squaw.” Auk , vol.62, pp.135-6, 1945. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Sutton, G.M. The Birds of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay . Mem. Carnegie Mus., vol.12, part 2, section 2, pp.58-65, 1932. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Mallard

<bibl> Kortright, F.H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America. , pp.149-157, 1942. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Melanitta

<bibl> Miller, W.D., “Structural variations in the Scoters.” Amer. Mus. Novit . No.243, 1926. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Mergus

EA-Orn. Sutton: Pintail and Polysticta

EA-Orn. Sutton: Polysticta and Red-breasted Merganser

<bibl> Munro, J.A, and Clemens, W.A. “The food and feeding habits of the Red-breated Merganser in British Columbia.” Journ.Wildlife Management , vol. 3, pp.46-53, 1939. </bibl> <bibl> Boase, Henry. “On the display, nesting and habits of the Sheld-duck.” British Birds , vol.28, pp.218-24, 1934. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Shoveler and Smew

<bibl> 1. Brandt, Herbert. Alaska Bird Trails , Bird Res. Fdn., Cleveland, O., pp.262-65, 1943. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Kortright, F.H. The Ducks, Geese and Swans of North America , pp.321-24, 1942. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: Steller’s Eider

<bibl> Brandt, Herbert. Alaska Bird Trails, pp.267-70, Bird Res. Fdn., Cleveland, O., 1943. </bibl> <bibl> 1. Brock, S.E. “The Tufted Duck ( Fuligula cristata ) in the nesting season.” Scot. Nat . pp.265-71, 1912. </bibl> <bibl> 2. Grenquist, P. “Some diving notes on young Tufted Ducks, young Velvet Scoters and young Eider Ducks.” Ornis Fennica , vol.13, pp.6-23, 1936. </bibl>

EA-Orn. Sutton: White-w e ^ i ^ nged Scoter

EA-Orn. Sutton: White-winged Scoter