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        4600

        KARELO-FINNISH SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (Karelia) lies in the north–

western corner of the European portion of the U.S.S.R., on the Soviet–

Finnish frontier. It is bounded by Murmansk Oblast (the Kola Peninsula)

in the north, by the White Sea and Arkhangelsk Oblast on the east, and

by Lakes Ladoga and Onega and Leningrad and Vologda Oblasts on the south.

Its northern boundary lies one degree of latitude north of the Arctic

Circle. It is 68,618 sq. mi. in area. The K.-F. SSR is a land of granite,

lakes (17%) and forest (70%). Its surface is deeply marked by the traces

of the receding ice-cap. There are long, narrow ridges, polished crags

(called, locally, ram's brows) and glacial deposits of clay and sand.

The largest lakes are Ladoga (biggest in Europe), Onega, Top, Seg and

Vyg. The climate is damp, its northern cold moderated by proximity to

the sea. Natural resources other than timber and water-power include

pegmatite, mica, marble, granite, diabase and titanium-magnetite iron

ore.

        [ ?] On June 1, 1941, the population numbered 606,333, of

which 207,788 was urban. This represented a 50% increase over the

census population of January, 1939, of 469,145, including 150,000

urban. However, there had been an accession of territory from Finland

in the interim. 1946 election registration indicated a drop in popula–

tion to 400,000, due to the war, for the K-F SSR was under enemy oc–

cupation and many people were evacuated. Educational facilities planned 130,000 evacuees had returned by

for 1950 indicate a projected rise in population to 550,000, evident- the beginning of 1947.

ly through the return of evacuees and immigration from other areas of

the USSR. Under the 1939 census, Russians constituted 63% of the popula–

tion, Karelians 23%. Evidently, the promotion of this formerly Autonomous

SSR to the rank of full-fledged constituent Republic was an indication

to the people of Finland, after the first Russo-Finnish was of 1939-40,

that the USSR had no intention of Russifying a traditionally Karelo–

Finnish area. The Karelian language and culture are cultivated and

promoted (See below, History and Culture.)

002      |      Vol_X-0146                                                                                                                  
The average density of population is [ ?] 8.8 per square kilometer mile . The south–

ern portion is less thinly populat ion ed , having as many as [ ?]

[ ?] 21 to 23 per square mile. but in the

Far North it declines to two to five per square mile. Industrialization has

brought a sharp increase in the urban population, which rose from approxi–

mately 10% in 1913 to 21.4% in 1926, and to 31.4% in 1939 and 34.3% in 1941.

In 1947 there were 13 towns and 14 urban settlements. The largest are

Petrozavodsk, with 80,000 in 1941 , (it fell by half during the war), Kem

(16,700), Kondopoga , founded under the Soviets, (14,000), Medvezhegorsk (13,400), Belomorsk (13,500),

Sortavala (13,000) and Segezha (5,400). Medvezhegorsk, Kondopoga and Sort–

avala were virtually wiped out during the war. [ Of the 1941?] At the beginning

of 1941 there were 147,350 wage and salary earners, of whom 53,800 were

engaged in industry, 7,300 in construction, 12,100 on the railroad and

18,300 in the health and education services. The rest were chiefly lumber-

jacks.

        The economy of Karelia was has been fundamentally changed in the Soviet period.

In Tsarist times this was one of the most backward regions of the Empire.

The number of industrial workers in 1913 was exactly one-tenth the figure

for 1941, but output increased far more rapidly thanks to increased skill

and mechanization. In 1920 the total power in all forms available to indus–

try in Karelia was equal to 2,800 kilowatts of electricity. By 1939 this

figure had multiplied 21 times to 59,000 kilowatts. Industrial investments

by Moscow in the development of Karelia [?] - excluding those in transport, public services, etc. - totalled

1,090,000,000 rubles in the deace 1928-37. Damage done by the Finnish and

German occupying forces is estimated at twenty billion rubles. No single

enterprise of any sort was built here in the three-and-a-half yeats of

occupation. Over 200 enterprises were destroyed. The territory under occu–

pation, comprising a little more than half the area of [ ?] Karelia, con–

tained four-fifths of its industry and industrial workers. In 1944 the

head of horses was down to 10.2% of pre-war, and of cattle there were

only

003      |      Vol_X-0147                                                                                                                  
12% as many as before. Four-fifths of the tractors were gone. However,

by 1945 almost all the destroyed enterprises were producing to some de–

gree.

        Economy . [?] The felling, sawing and processing of lumber is the

chief occupation , by far, engaging 70% of the industrial workers. Although

Karelia possesses but 1.5% of the timber in the USSR, it provided 4.7%

of the [ ?] output in 1937. In Tsarist times, the logs were shipped out

of Karelia unprocessed, but the past decades have seen the widespread

establishment of sawmills and paper-and-cellulose mills. Sub-Arctic con–

ditions make agriculture a relatively minor occupation here. Fisheries

are important.

        Industry . [ ?] There are 24,200,000 acres of timber, of which 60%

is pine, 33% fir, 6% birch, asp and alder - 1%. [ ?] Pine is

predominant in the north and northwest, constituting 75% there, while

fir comprises 50% of the forests in the south and southeast. The threefold greater

share of Karelia in Soviet lumbering than would be indicated by its pro–

portion of the country's timber reserves is explained by its proximity

to the world ports of Leningrad and Murmansk (lumber is a major Soviet

export, particularly to Britain), its location astride the railroad be–

tween these ports, the presence of numerous rivers suitable for rafting

and of the recently-built White Sea-Baltic Canal. [ ?] The

largest amount of timber ever felled in a single year constituted only

13/16s of the quantity maturing annually, and only 1/75th of the reserves

already mature or [ ?] nearing maturity. The bulk of the felling occurs

along the railroad and canal. In the northwest, where railroads have been

lacking until recently, and long rafting is necessary, lumbering is

little developed. New sections have been opened by the building of the

northern railroad link westward to Finland and another eastward to the Arkhangelsk

line during the war, totalling together some 100 miles in Karelian terri–

tory. A new 120-mile railroad being built in western Karelia in 1946-50

will open timberlands along its route.

004      |      Vol_X-0148                                                                                                                  
Lumbering has been considerably modernized in the past decades, and in

1940, 36% of the felled timber was hauled out by mechanized means. Canadian

axes, spring saws and other devices were introduced, while the 1946-50

plan provides for considerable introduction of power saws. There were 19 sawmills in 1941. Manufacturing

and chemical plants built by the Soviets to use lumber as a raw material

included paper-and-cellulose vertical enterprises at Kondopoga and Segezha

and a large ski factory in Petrozavodsk. In 1947 six [ ?] paper-and-cellu–

lose plants were [ ?] in operation , at [ ?] Kondopoga, Segezha, Pitkaranta,

[ ?] Suojarvi and Harlu-Laskel. In 1940 they had provided 12% of the

entire Soviet output of paper. Furniture manufacture is another leading

industry, with large plants at Sortavala, Nadvoitskaia and Helliulskaia.

In 1946 a plant manufacturing pre-fabricated housing [ ?] went into opera–

tion and another was under construction. Also under construction were a

hydrol [ ?] sis plant using the waste of the saw-milling and paper industries. 100

The shipbuilding industry is another which [ ?] is founded on the lumber

resources, as it makes small coastal, river and canal boats and barges.

There are four shipyards and one a repair yard at Povenets, while in 1947 two more were

being built to construct fishing vessels.

        Mining is the second most important industry. The systematic explora–

tion of the mineral riches of this territory dates only from Soviet times.

Although only 15% of Karelia had been completely prospected by 1943, very

considerable resources were already known, and they were supplemented great–

ly by the aeromagnetic survey of 1945. Thus far the minerals exploited are

chiefly spar and quartz and their pegmatite, consisting of a mixture of

both, [ ?] and also of mineral building materials.

The resources of spar and quartz are estimated at 10,000,000 tons. Pegma–

tite resources have been found along the coast of the White Sea as well

as one important supply in western Karelia. The mining of quartz and feld–

spar and of mica began in 1921, immediately after the close of the Civil

War, along the shore of Chupin Bay of the White Sea. A pegmatite plant,the only

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one in the USSR, went into operation at Kondopoga in 1938, supplying the entire Soviet porcelain and ceramics industry, whereas a mica

works [ ?] had been commissioned at Petrozavodsk in 1929. The other important branch

of the mining industry is the quarrying of building stone, in which Kare–

lia is exceptionally rich. There are vast quantities of granite, [ ?]

quartzite, sandstone, marble, granite-gneiss, diabase rocks, etc. Talco–

chorite, used in the paper and radio industries, is a particularly valu–

able mineral product. Diabase is quarried in the region of Shelt Lake,

and quartzie and granite at [ ?] Mt. Koshina. Marble quarrying began on

the eve of World War II, as did the manufacture of acid-resistant products

for the chemical and paper industries, while three large mechanized brick

works went into operation.

        Karelia is also rich in metallic ores. As yet they are not worked,

but they form the center of the plans for [ ?] expanding industry

here in the future. They are many deposits of iron ore, of which the most

important [ ?] are the [ ?] titano-magnetite resources at Mt. Pudozh.

Similar ores are found near Lake Elt. Near Lake Tulom there is a large

deposit of hematites. Lake ores have long been known, and were recovered

at various times, in Lakes Siam, Vyg and Ushk. New deposits were discovered

in 1945 and 1946 at [ ?] Gimolskoe and elsewhere. Non-ferrous and

rare metals are also known: copper, tin, lead and zinc at Pitkaranta;

tin and zinc in the [ ?] Priazh district, molybdenum near Ukhta, and

copper north and east of Lake Onega. Gold was mined as long ago as the

latter half of the 18th century at Voiits. Pyrites and pirrotin, [ ?]

from which sulphuric acid may be processed, have also been found. On the

other hand, Karelia is relatively poor in mineral fuels, but there are

three billion tons of air-dried peat. Near the village of Shunga, on the

west shore of Lake Onega near the railroad is a deposit of shungite, a

primitive coal of relatively poor quality. The lack of mineral fuel is

compensated for by [ ?] large water power resources, estimated at

1,300,000 kilowatts, with a minimum annual output, once it has been de–

veloped, of twelve billion

006      |      Vol_X-0150                                                                                                                  
kilowatt hours. The most important rivers in this respect are the Vyg, Kem

and Keret. Prior to the Revolution only 700 kilowatts of electric power producing

capacity had been installed, but this had risen to about 40,000 in 1940,

with the building of the Kondopoga hydroelectric plant, the Solomenskaia

steam-powered plant (6,000 kilowatts) and others. Available power is being

trebled by the installation of 81,000 kilowatts of new capacity in 1946-50.

        The largest manufacturing plant in Karelia is the Onega Metal and Mach–

inery Works in Petrozavodsk, one of the most ancient in the USSR, founded

by Peter the Great (Petrozavodsk means Peter's Factory) in 1702, but essenti–

ally rebuilt in the past two decades. In 1947 reconstruction was taking place

at the Viartsilia Metal Works, equal in size to that at Petrozavodsk.

        The

industries listed [ ?] hitherto are administered by Moscow, as being of im–

portance to the national economy of the USSR as a whole. However, Karelia

operates a sizeable industry of its own to meet local needs. This includes

a furniture factory; two metal manufacturing enterprises making containers

of various types as well as children's furniture; a calico mill; and enter–

prises manufacturing making small water turbines, railway tie-cutters, wood–

working lathes, blacksmith's hammers, etc. The 4th 5-Year Plan, 1946-50,

provides for investments of 1,600,000,000 rubles in Karelia, or 60% more

than in the first two five-year plans combined. This is to result in the

reconstruction of all wrecked enterprises and in bringing overall produc–

tion in 1950 up to 11% over the 1940 high. However, the lumber industry is

not expected to regain its pre-war level by that date, as 11,000,000 cubic

meters are to be felled, as against 13,000,000 in 1939. [ ?] 880,000

cubic meters of sawn board are to be produced, indicating that a great part

of the [ ?] felled lumber will be exported unprocessed or processed only

slightly. Electric power production is to reach 320,000,000 kilowatt hours,

or still only one fourth of that available through full development of

water resources, aside from peat. However, this will already would made Karelia

10th in power output among the Soviet Republics, although it is 16th in

population.

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A major consumer of power will be the Leningrad-Murmansk railroad, which

is being completely transferred to electrical operation during 1946-50.

Paper output is to reach 142,000 tons in 1950m glass 275,000 square meters,

and fish, 15,000 tons. The pulp and paper mills and a hydrolysis and a

sulphite alcohol plant are to be restored and put into operation, bring

about a level of output in the paper-and-cellulose industry two-and-a-half

times as high as in 1940. Cardboard and plywood are to be made for the first

time. The metalware and mica mines are to be restored to prewar capacity,

and the mica factory rehabilitated. New industries under the jurisdiction

of the Republic, independent of Moscow, are to include a clothing and foot–

wear factory, a metalworking enterprise, a plant producing plastics, a

glass works and a cement plant. The quartz and spar-processing enterprises and

the pegmatite plant are being restored.

        Agriculture . As Karelia lies in the same latitudes as Alaska and the

Canadian Northwest Territories, it is clearly not suited to large-scale

agriculture as the world practices it today. Only 0.8% of its territory

is presently tillable, under cultivation, some 381,500 acres in all. Although concentrated

chiefly in the south, the farm lands are widely scattered among solid

forest areas. In the south, there are ten to thirty acres under cultiva–

tion per farm family, but in the north only 2.5 acres, on the average,

so that income must come chiefly from other pursuits, chiefly lumbering

or fishing. Prior to the Revolution farming here was extremely primitive,

even by comparison to the backward state of Russian agriculture as a whole,

and there was a 30% drop in sown acreage in Karelia from 1909 to 1917.

The three-field system predominated. However, in the past two decades farm–

ing has been modernized. At the beginning of 1941 32 Machine and Tractor 200

Stations worked the surrounding collective farms with the aid of 610 trac–

tors, 62 harvester combines, 300 power threshers and other equipment.

[ ?] Farmers with 85% of the crop acreage had joined

collective farms, and state-owned farms operated 12% of the acreage.

281,500 acres were planted in 1940. [?] Grain yields have reached two-thirds The remaining 100,000 had been the

of a ton per acre.

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Of the acreage planted, 53.2% went to grains, 10.7% to potatoes and 1.8%

to vegetables. 9.3% of the total went to wheat; this is one of the areas

where wheat had been pushed farthest north. Despite its progress, agri–

culture is not presently able to meet the needs of the population, and

reclamation of additional land through drainage of swamps and clearing

of forests is a major problem before the Republic. Moreover, the occupa–

tion destroyed reclamation and drainage systems serving 50,000 acres al–

ready under cultivation. Evacuation of population and warfare brought ag–

riculture, as industry, almost to a complete standstill, but in 1946 [ ?]

195,000 acres were planted. By 1950 the figure is to reach 335,000, the

highest level on record, but still only one-fourth as much per head of

population (rural and urban) as in the USSR as a whole. Grain will com–

prise almost half the plantings (156,000 acres) , and fodder almost as much (127,000) , in view of

the wholesale slaughter of livestock by the occupation forces. Potatoes

and vegetables are to get most of the remaining 15%, (52,000 acres) as against 10% before the war.

Of horses, which are expected to total 22,500, there will still be little

more than half as many as before the war. Other types of livestock are

expected to number more than ever before, [ ?] as follows:

cattle, 101,000; sheep and goats, 78,000; pigs, 37,000.

        Fishing is concentrated chiefly in the North. 80% of the catch

comes from the White Sea, where herring and navaga abound. Pike-perch,

pickerel, grayling and salmon breed in the rivers and lakes. The annual

catch is capable of reaching 30,000 tons. Two canneries are under construc–

tion.

        Transport . Karelia is bisected from north to south by the Kirov (Lenin–

grad-Murmansk) Railroad, put into temporary operation in 1916 and completed

under the Soviets. Lesser [ ?] lines built in recent years include the

50-mile [ ?] Rugozero and 40-mile Kestenga spurs to the west, the 80-mile

Petrozavodsk-Suojarvi line built to link with the Finnish network in the

south and the vital Belomorsk-Obozero line, which substituted for the main 234

line in carrying Allied supplies

009      |      Vol_X-0153                                                                                                                  
from Murmansk during the war years, when the Finns and Germans held a

large section of it. The total rail network is 1,000 miles in length.

It carried 10,300,000 tons of freight in 1940. 60 to 70% of the freight

usually consists of lumber and stone building materials. The [ ?]

co mpletion of the railroad was, of course, of vital importance in open–

ing this hitherto semi-desert sub-Arctic land. Also of great value was

the construction, in 1931-33, of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, 146 miles in

length, which required the construction of 19 locks, 15 dams, 49 dikes,

12 spillways and 33 artificisl canals to link existing lakes on its route.

In 1940 it carried 2,270,000 tons of freight, including 1,780,000 of

lumber and board. Wrecked by the invaders, it was placed back in operation

in 1946. Other than as part of the canal, the lakes and rivers of Karelia

are little used for transportation, particularly as rapids and falls are

frequent in the latter. However, recent years have [ ?] seen the development

of ports on the White Sea: Belomorsk, Kem, Keret and Chupa. Roads totalled

8,729 miles in length as of January 1, 1941, of which 47.9% were surfaced

or improved, but the northern and western regions are almost roadless.

145,000 tons of freight were moved by road in 1940. As mentioned above,

a 120-mile railroad is to be built in 1946-50.

        Education and Culture . Illiteracy has been reduced in Soviet times

from 77% to 15%, as of 1941. In 1913 only 47% of the children of school

age went to school at all, and attendance totalled 13,000. In the 1940-

41 school year, 93,600 were in attendance, and the average schooling was

three to four times as long. In 1914 there were only five junior high and

two high schools, whereas in 1940-41 the figures had risen to 153 and 61

respectively. There was now a high school in every county seat. In all,

in 1941, there were 770 schools, 15 semi-professional high schools

(normal schools for teachers, etc.) and two higher educational institutions.

150 of the school buildings had been built since 1928. In 1940 there were

also 402 community centers and 400 public libraries - roughly one of each

per [ ?]

010      |      Vol_X-0154                                                                                                                  
1,500 population, while there was one school per 800 [ ?] population,

young and old. The Finnish occupation forces destroyed the university,

77 of the most modern schools and the like. By the end of 1946, 370

schools, [ ?] 264 public libraries and 283 community centers

were again functioning, as well as three normal schools, and one speci–

alized high school each for forestry, agriculture, accounting, physical

education teachers and the management of cooperatives. The university and

a teachers college were again functioning. In 1946 a "base" of the Aca–

demy of Sciences of the USSR was established in Karelia. Newspapers are

issued in every county, and one for the republic as a whole. There is a

publishing house in Petrozavodsk.

        The 1946-50 5-Year Plan provides, for the goal year, 652 schools

in operation (73 urban and 579 rural), with an attendance of 95,000, or

more than double the actual attendance in 1945. This also indicated a

total population about the same as pre-war. 80 new school buildings are

to be erected. By 1950 the number of persons with high school education

is to be 100 per 1,000, by comparison to 14 per thousand before the Revo–

lution. There are to be, in 1950, 25 county-wide community centers, 261

village centers, 329 public libraries (excluding those of the trade unions),

six theaters and 250 movie houses. Expenditure per education per head of

population rose from 1.43 rubles in 1914 to 13,00 rubles in 1928 to

200.00 rubles in 1945-46, adjusted for changing values. A Karelian alpha–

bet was devised.

        Karelian literature takes its origins from the Karelo-Finnish folk

epic, Kalevala , from which Longfellow took the meter for his Song of

Hiawatha . Folk singers and story tellers carry on that tradition, and are

continually creating new songs, laments, runes and tales. A distinctive

musical form is the recitation and singing of the Kalevala by two men

seated facing each other and holding hands, reflecting how rare and preci–

ous was a meeting of friends in this little-populated land. The national

instruments include a sort of

011      |      Vol_X-0155                                                                                                                  
shepherd's clarinet, the psaltery, the balalaika and the accordion. Dances

and songs are improvised on the psaltery. A Karelian Opera and Ballet Com–

pany was founded during the war - the first in its people's history. It and

the four theater companies then existing gave some 2,000 performances be–

fore Karelian troops. A Russian composer wrote an opera, Sampo , based on

the Kalevala, and a Karelian, [ ?] Hjalmar Sinisalo, wrote a ballet on the

same theme. Another, Kalle Rautio, wrote a symphonic poem on the feats of 300

Toivo Antikainen, a modern Finnish folk hero who fought Baron Mannerheim's

accession to power. Finnish literature is translated into Russian and vice versa.

        Musical and theatrical enterprises [ ?] founded during the past quarter century in–

clude a philharmonic society, a musical comedy company, the Kantele Ensemble

of Karelian Songs and Dances, the Theater of National Drama [ ?] and the Theater of Russian Drama.

Other centers of cultural activity include the House of Folk Arts, and the

unions of composers and artists. However, war brought the destruction of the

buildings of the National Theater, the Philharmonic and the music school

in Petrozavodsk, and the theater in Medvezhegorsk. The House of Folk Arts

sends ensembles to tour the lumber camps. Nearly 50,000 young people belong 310

to sports organizations.

       

012      |      Vol_X-0156                                                                                                                  
Karelo-Finn

        ld>

        History . The Karelian people maintained a communal tribal exist–

ence until the 10th century, when there began class stratifica–

tion and the emergence of feudal relationships. In the 11th

[ ?] century the country was subjugated by [ ?] Novgorod , and came

under the power of Moscow when [ ?] Novgorod was conquered

in 1478. Karelia's tribute to its overlords was chiefly in

furs. At the beginning of the 17th century Karelia was badly

plundered during a Swadish invasion, which [ ?] resulted in

the loss of western territories just recently [ ?] regained.

However, the Russo-Swedish treaty of 1721, a century later,

restored the [ ?]

Karelian Isthmus to Russian control. The founding and growth

of St. Petersburg strongly influenced the economy of Karelia.

With the appearance development of industrial capitalism in Russia in

the 19th century lumbering was developed in Karelia. But until

the Revolution, Karelia remained, despite its proximity to

the capital, a backward colonial borderland, its people op–

pressed and extremely proverty-stricken. The country was [ ?]

entirely roadless, and the people's staple food a bread made

of rye mixed with pine bark and straw. There was no written

language, and there were many restrictions on the use of the

spoken Karelian tongue. No ¶ As elsewhere in the Empire, the use of this isolated land

as a place of exile for revolutionaries resulted in the birth

of political consciousness among its people. In 1905-1907 there

were peasant disturbances, and meetings and demonstrations in

Petrozavodsk ("Peter's Factory", where that great Tsar had es–

tablished an iron works) and Pudozh. A branch of the Bolshevik

Party was founded in Petrozavodsk in 1906. The suppression of

the 1905 Revolution resulted in a worsening of the status of

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Karelo-Finn

the Karelians. From 1917 to 1922 Karelia was the seene of vir–

tually uninterrupted [ ?] conflict, internal and foreign - in the latter

case against invading troops of the great powers and those of

Finland which sought to annex Karelia with the aid of its

powerful allies. The Karelian nationality received recognition

from the Soviet government with the formation, on March 4, 1920,

of a short-lived form of autonomy called the Karelian [ ?] Labor

Commune. On June 25, 1923, this became the Karelian ASSR. Fin–

ally, on March 31, 1940, as described above, it was elevated

to the status of an SSR. no ¶ Most of Karelia was occupied by the Finns from 1941 to 1944.

The population of the capital, Petrozavodsk, fell by half from

its former 80,000. Other modern towns, such as Kondopoga and

Medvezhegorsk, were virtually wiped out. Corporal punishment

was legalized, and sentences of whipping with the knout car–

ried out in public. Karelia shares with Estonia the dubious

distinction of having suffered a heavier per capita loss than

any other occupied Soviet republic. Destruction in Karelia

was largely responsible for the loss of 30 per cent of all Soviet

lumbering and sawmill capacity, vital to reconstruction and

export, a similar percentage of the paper-mills, and more

than half the match manufacture.

        ld >

        Economic Life . Logging multiplied 8 times from 1913 to

1939. Timber felling, sawmill operations, paper making, and

ski and other wood-products manufacture accoun [ ?] t for half of

the gross output of the national economy. Electric power

capacity rose from 700 kilowatts in 1913 to 40,000 in 1940.

Some 20 factories and mills were built in the decade before

the war, bringing industry up to ten times the 1913 level.

       

William Mandel

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014      |      Vol_X-0160                                                                                                                  
Karelo-Finn

        Lit.: Large Soviet Encyclopedia (Russ.), Supplementary Volume, USSR ,

Moscow, 1947; Brief Soviet Encyclopedia (Russ., one volume), Moscow, 1943;

Socialist Construction of the USSR (Russ., Statistical Handbook), Moscow,

1939; Socialist Agriculture of the USSR (Russ.) 1939; Cultural Construc –

tion of the USSR , (Russ.), 1939; Soviet Calendar , 1945; Information Bulletin ,

Embassy of the USSR, Wash., D. C., [ ?] Sept. 11, 1943, Jan. 15,

1944, Dec. 9, 1944, Oct. 11, 1945; Moscow News , March 30, 1946; Bulletin

on the Soviet Union , Feb. 5, 1942; [ ?]