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    Preliminaries

    Encyclopedia Arctica 2a: Permafrost-Engineering



    001      |      Vol_IIA-0001                                                                                                                  

    CAUTIONARY REMARKS

            The papers in this volume are in the form intended

    for submission, in 1950, to the editors of the publishers, who

    then were the Johns Hopkins Press of Baltimore.

            It was anticipated that after an editing by the pub–

    lishers their resulting version would be re-edited by the

    Encyclopedia Arctica staff. In cases of disagreement, a final

    version was to be arrived at by the two groups of editors.

            Those who use the present typescript will no doubt

    find in it errors that would have been eliminated by one

    group of editors or the other. Doubtless, too, there would

    have been additions as well as other changes not due to dis–

    covered errors.

           

    Viljhalmur Stefansson

    Dartmouth College Library

    Hanover, New Hampshire

    December 9, 1954



    001      |      Vol_IIA-0002                                                                                                                  

    ENCYCLOPEDIA ARCTICA

    Sponsored by

    Office of Naval Research

    Department of the Navy

    Washington, D.C.

    Editor

    Vilhjalmur Stefansson

    Assistant Editor

    Olive Wilcox

    VOLUME II

    PERMAFROST-ENGINEERING

    The Stefansson Library

    4 St. Luke's Place

    New York 14

    April 15, 1950



    001      |      Vol_IIA-0003                                                                                                                  
    EA-II

    ADVISORY EDITOR AND CONSULTANTS, VOLUME II

    Advisory Editor : Commander Palmer W. Roberts, CEC, USN;

    formerly Officer in Charge, U.S. Naval

    Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska; now

    Director, Plans Division, Bureau of

    Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy,

    Washington.
    Consultants : Dr. John Calvin Reed, Staff Geologist,

    Territories and Island Possessions,

    U.S. Geological Survey.
    Dr. Karl Terzaghi, Consulting Engineer,

    Lecturer, Soil Mechanics and Engineering

    Geology, and Professor of Civil Engineering,

    Harvard University.



    001      |      Vol_IIA-0004                                                                                                                  
    EA-II

    CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME II

    Amos J. Alter Division of Sanitation & Engineering, Alaska Department

    of Health, Juneau.
    Ludlow G. Anderson Engineer-in-Charge, Territory of Alaska, Health & Safety

    Division, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
    Robert F. Black Formerly in charge of Permafrost Program, now Military

    Geology Branch, U.S. Geological Survey.
    Caterpillar Tractor Company, Peoria, Illinois.
    Karl A. Clark Bituminous sand research 1920-36; since 1942 Research

    Council of Alberta; Professor of Metallurgy, University

    of Alberta.
    Ralph Coleman Chief Petroleum Engineer, Arctic Contractors, developing

    U.S. Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska.
    Al T. Donnels General Electric Nucleonics Project, Richland, Washington;

    formerly with Fay, Spotsford & Thorndike, Fort Richardson,

    Anchorage.
    Roy B. Earling Formerly in charge U.S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Company,

    Fairbanks.
    Walter A. English Continental Air Map Company, Los Angeles; personal ex–

    perience in Alaska.
    Stewart H. W. Folk Associate Professor of Geology, Baylor University; for–

    merly connected with development U.S. Naval Petroleum

    Reserve No. 4, Alaska.
    Angelo Francesco Ghiglione, Chief, Construction Division, Alaska Road Commission.
    Bart W. Gillespie General Manager, American Independent Oil Company of Mexico,

    Mexico City; formerly connected with Arctic Contractors,

    developing U.S. Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Alaska.
    William G. Greenman Commodore, USN, Director, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale

    Reserves, U.S. Navy.
    Ralph Hansen Chief, Soils & Frost Effects Branch, Soils Laboratory,

    New England Division, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Water–

    town, Massachusetts.



    002      |      Vol_IIA-0005                                                                                                                  
    EA-II: Contributors

    George Sherwood Hume Director General of Scientific Services, Department of

    Mines and Technical Surveys, Ottawa.
    H. B. Humphrey U.S. Bureau of Mines; formerly assigned to Alaska (1936-40)
    L. A. Jachowski, Jr. Lt. MSC-USN, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda,

    Maryland.
    James D. Lang Lt. Colonel, CE (USAF), District Engineer, Alaska District,

    Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army (in charge post-war construc–

    tion program in Alaska).
    John A. Legge, Jr. Formerly with United Geophysical Co., operating in Alaska.
    Kenneth A. Linell Soils and Frost Effects Branch, Soils Laboratory, New England

    Division, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Watertown, Mass.
    Carl J. Lomen Pioneer of Alaska reindeer industry; President, Lomen

    Commercial Company of Nome and Seattle.
    Theodore C. Mathews Assistant Project Manager, Arctic Contractors, developing

    U.S. Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Fairbanks.
    E. M. McVeity Imperial Oil Limited, Toronto.
    Michler Company Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.
    Paul R. Moyer Coal Mine Inspection Branch, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
    Harold R. Porter Standard Oil Company of California; personal experience in

    Alaska.
    William Everett Potter Colonel, District Engineer (1948-49), Alaska District,

    Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Anchorage.
    Wallace E. Pratt Petroleum Geologist, Special Assistant to Chairman, National

    Security Resources Board; formerly Vice President, Standard

    Oil Company of New Jersey.
    George W. Rathjens Consulting Engineer; formerly consultant to City of Fairbanks,

    Alaska, and to Arctic Contractors in development of U.S.

    Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4.
    Palmer W. Roberts Commander, CEC, USN; formerly Officer in Charge, U.S. Naval

    Petroleum Reserve No. 4 Alaska; now Director, Plans

    Division, Bureau of Yards and Docks, Department of the Navy,

    Washington.
    George M. Romanowitz Yuba Mfg. Company, 251 California St., San Francisco.

    Personal experience in Alaska.



    003      |      Vol_IIA-0006                                                                                                                  
    EA-II: Contributors

    Robert S. Sanford Mining Engineer, U.S. Bureau of Mines.
    Vilhjalmur Stefansson Editor, Encyclopedia Arctica.
    Karl Terzaghi Consulting Engineer; Lecturer, Soil Mechanics and Engineer–

    ing Geology, and Professor of Civil Engineering, Harvard

    University.
    James Truitt Colonel, Executive Officer, Missouri Division, Corps of

    Engineers, U.S. Army, Omaha. Personal experience in Alaska.
    Scott Turner Mining Engineer & Geologist; Manager, Arctic Coal Mining

    Company, operations in Spitsbergen, 1912-16; Director,

    U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926-34; consultant in mining &

    director various mining companies.
    U.S. Army District Engineer, St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers.
    Howard G. Wilcox Supervising Engineer, Mining Section, Reconstruction Finance

    Corporation, Fairbanks.
    Ralph W. Woodworth Commander, USN; U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey.



    001      |      Vol_IIA-0007                                                                                                                  
    EA-II

    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Subject Author Words
    Part 1: Permafrost
    Permafrost as a Natural

    Phenomenon     		Robert F. Black 10,700
    Engineering Problems and Construc–

    tion in Permafrost Regions     		Corps of Engineers,

    St. Paul District     		20,700
    Physics of Ground Frost Karl Terzaghi 13,300
    Soil Mechanics in Permafrost

    Regions     		Karl Terzaghi 3,800
    Natural Cold Storage Vilhjalmur Stefansson

    (with collaboration of

    Carl J. Lomen)     		16,200
    Part 2: Engineering
    Civil Engineering
    Cold Weather Operations Palmer W. Roberts, Commander,

    CEC, USN     		500
    Work Feasibility Palmer W. Roberts 1,800
    Arctic Surveying Ralph W. Woodworth, Commander,

    USN     		2,600
    Highways, Bridges and Pro–

    tection from Ice Damage     		Angelo Francesco Ghiglione 4,200



    002      |      Vol_IIA-0008                                                                                                                  
    EA-II: Table of Contents

    Subject Author Words
    Part 2 , contd.
    Drainage, Flood Control and

    Beach Erosion in Alaska     		James Truitt, Colonel, CE

    (USAF)     		2,400
    Strength and Uses of Fresh and

    Salt Water Ice     		Ralph Hansen

    (with collaboration of

    Kenneth A. Linell)     		7,700
    Construction and Maintenance of

    Airfields in the Far North

    Regions     		James D. Lang, Lt. Colonel,

    CE (USAF)     		5,000
    Excavations and Foundations Al T. Donnels 4,500
    Emergency, Temporary, and Semi–

    permanent Housing for Polar

    Areas     		Palmer W. Roberts 14,000
    Industrial Structures in Alaska Al T. Donnels 2,700
    Arctic Construction Methods Theodore C. Mathews 3,000
    Transportation Over Land and Ice Theodore C. Mathews 5,000
    Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
    Effect of Extreme Arctic Cold

    on Materials     		Palmer W. Roberts 3,000
    Petroleum Products for Arctic

    Winter Use in Automotive

    Equipment     		Harold R. Porter 2,200
    Tractor-type Transportation

    Units for Arctic Operations     		Caterpillar Tractor Company 9,600
    Sled-type Transportation Equip–

    ment for Arctic Operations     		The Michler Company

    (adapted by P.W. Roberts)     		900
    Analysis of Design Factors for

    Power, Heating, Ventilating, and

    Refrigeration Systems for Alaska     		William Everett Potter, Colonel,

    CE (USAF)     		7,100
    Power Plant Development and

    Electrical Transmission and

    Distribution Systems     		George W. Rathjens 4,000



    003      |      Vol_IIA-0009                                                                                                                  
    EA-II: Table of Contents

    Subject Author Words
    Part 2 , contd.
    Mining Engineering
    Mining in Northern Climates Howard G. Wilcox 3,400
    Prospecting and Exploration of

    Minerals in the Arctic and

    Subarctic Alaska     		Robert S. Sanford 6,500
    Gold Dredging in Subarctic and

    Arctic America     		Roy B. Earling 3,500
    Construction for Placer–

    mining Operations     		George W. Rathjens 4,000
    Design of Dredges for the Far

    North Placers     		George M. Romanowitz 3,000
    Coal Mining in Spitsbergen Scott Turner 10,000
    Blasting in Surface and Drift

    Operations in the Far North     		Ludlow G. Anderson

    (with collaboration of

    Paul R. Moyer)     		1,500
    Safety in Mining in Alaska H. B. Humphrey 1,800
    Petroleum Engineering
    Petroleum in the Arctic Wallace E. Pratt 4,000
    Petroleum Exploration In Arctic

    Alaska     		William G. Greenman, Commodore,

    USN     		2,900
    Arctic Alaska Petroleum Explora–

    tion and Drilling Operation     		Bart W. Gillespie

    (with collaboration of

    Ralph Coleman)     		8,800
    Geological and Geophysical

    Operations     		Walter A. English 2,600
    Seismograph and Gravity Meter

    Operations     		John A. Legge, Jr. 3,000
    Deep Well Logging Methods in

    Arctic Alaska     		Stewart H. W. Folk 2,500



    004      |      Vol_IIA-0010                                                                                                                  
    EA-II: Table of Contents

    Subject Author Words
    Part 2 , Contd.
    Development of Oil Fields in

    Canada’s North     		E. M. McVeity 2,500
    Geology of the Athabaska Bitumi–

    nous Sands     		George Sherwood Hume 2,300
    Development of Bituminous Sands

    of Northern Alberta     		Karl A. Clark 4,600
    Sanitary Engineering
    Arctic Sanitary Engineering Amos J. Alter 32,000
    Arctic Insect Pests and Their

    Control     		L. A. Jachowski, Jr., Lt.

    MSC-USN     		4,800

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